PART 01 수질 환경 CHAPTER 01 수질오염 개론 ··············································································· 13 01 기초단위환산 ······················································13 1. 기초단위 / 13 2. 기초물리량 / 14 3. 기초단위개념 / 16 4. 농도 / 17 5. pH(수소이온농도지수) / 18 6. 산과 염기의 중화반응 / 18 ? 적중문제 / 19 02 수자원 및 물의 특성 ···············································23 1. 물의 특성 / 23 2. 수자원 분포 및 특성 / 24 3. 수자원 종류 및 특징 / 25 ? 적중문제 / 34 03 수질오염 ·························································51 1. 오염원의 종류 / 51 2. 수질오염물질 / 53 ? 적중문제 / 61 04 물질순환 ·························································65 1. 물의 순환 / 65 2. 탄소순환 / 65 3. 질소순환 / 67 4. 인의 순환 / 70 5. 황의 순환 / 70 6. 에너지 흐름 / 71 ? 적중문제 / 73 05 반응속도 ·························································78 1. 반응속도(Reaction rate) / 78 2. 세포의 비증식속도 / 79 3. 반응조 / 80 ? 적중문제 / 83 06 수질오염지표 ·····················································87 1. DO(Dissolved Oxygen, 용존산소) / 87 2. BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 생물화학적 산소요구량) / 88 3. COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand, 화학적 산소요구량) / 92 4. 기타 유기물 표현지수 / 96 5. 부유물질(SS ; Suspended Solid) / 97 6. 경도(Hardness) / 98 7. 알칼리도(Alkalinity) / 101 8. 콜로이드(Colloid) / 104 9. 총대장균군 / 105 10.탁도 / 112 11. 색도 / 113 ? 적중문제 / 114 07 수질생물학 ······················································130 1. 미생물의 분류 / 130 2. 미생물의 종류 / 131 3. 수인성 전염병(water-borne infection) / 134 4. 지표생물 / 136 ? 적중문제 / 137 08 수질환경화학 ·····················································144 1. 용해도 / 144 2. 화학반응 / 146 3. 완충작용 / 147 ? 적중문제 / 148 09 수자원관리 ······················································152 1. 하천수의 수질관리 / 152 2. 호소수의 수질관리 / 159 3. 해역의 수질관리 / 163 ? 적중문제 / 165 CHAPTER 02 수질오염 방지기술 ······································································ 178 01 폐수처리 계통 ····················································178 1. 물리ㆍ화학ㆍ생물학적 처리 / 178 2. 단위공정 기술의 단계별 처리순서 / 180 3. 물환경보전법상 수질오염방지시설 / 180 4. 도시 하수처리 계통도 / 181 ? 적중문제 / 183 02 물리적 처리 ·····················································186 1. 스크리닝(Screening) / 186 2. 침사지 / 187 3. 파쇄장치 / 190 4. 유량조정조 / 190 5. 침전지 / 192 6. 부상조 / 196 7. 여과 / 197 8. 막여과(membrane filtration) / 203 ?적중문제 / 208 03 화학적 처리 ·····················································216 1. 화학적 처리(Chemical treatment) / 216 2. 중화법 / 216 3. 화학적 응집침전(Coagulation) / 217 4. 환원처리 / 226 5. 산화법 / 227 6. 흡착 / 230 7. 이온교환(ion exchange) / 235 8. 소독 / 238 9. 염소소독 / 240 10. 기타 소독방법 / 246 ? 적중문제 / 258 04 생물학적 처리 ····················································277 1. 생물학적 처리 / 277 2. 표준활성슬러지법(재래식 활성슬러지법) / 281 3. 활성슬러지 변법 / 290 4. 생물막법 / 300 5. 산화지 / 309 6. 혐기성 처리 / 312 7. 혐기성 반응조의 종류 / 315 8. 슬러지 처리 / 322 ? 적중문제 / 330 05 고도처리 ························································356 1. 고도처리 / 356 2. 질소 고도처리 / 357 3. 인 고도처리 / 360 4. 질소, 인 동시제거 / 365 ? 적중문제 / 370 CHAPTER 03 상하수도 ····················································································· 379 01 상수도공학 ······················································379 1. 기본계획 / 379 2. 수원 및 집수시설 / 381 3. 취수시설 / 382 4. 도수시설(송수시설과 비슷) / 385 5. 정수시설 / 386 6. 송수시설 / 391 7. 배수시설 / 392 8. 급수시설(상수의 급수관 매설심도：일반적으로 60cm 이상) / 394 02 하수도 공학 ·····················································394 1. 기본계획 / 394 2. 관거시설 / 398 3. 펌프장시설 / 401 4. 하수처리시설 / 407 ? 적중문제 / 410 CHAPTER 04 공정시험기준 ··············································································· 419 1. 총칙 / 419 2. 시료의 채취 및 보존방법 / 421 3. 유량측정방법 / 425 4. 시료의 전처리방법 / 432 CHAPTER 05 수질관련법규 ··············································································· 433 1. 환경정책기본법 시행령 / 433 2. 먹는물 수질기준 및 검사 등에 관한 규칙 / 439 3. 지하수의 수질보전 등에 관한 규칙 / 442 4. 물환경보전법 / 443 PART 02 대기 환경 CHAPTER 01 대기오염 개론 ············································································· 457 01 대기오염의 특성 ··················································457 1. 대기오염의 정의 / 457 2. 대기오염의 원인 / 458 3. 대기오염의 영향인자 / 458 02 대기오염원의 현황 ················································459 1. 대기오염물질 배출원 / 459 2. 대기오염물질의 분류 / 460 03 입자상 물질 ·····················································461 1. 입자상 물질의 정의와 분류 / 461 2. 입자상 물질의 특징 / 463 3. 인체에 미치는 영향 / 464 ? 적중문제 / 465 04 가스상 물질 ·····················································467 1. 황산화물(SOX) / 467 2. 질소산화물(NOX) / 469 3. 이산화탄소(CO2) / 471 4. 일산화탄소(CO) / 472 5. 탄화수소(HC) / 473 6. VOCs(휘발성유기화합물) / 473 7. 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs；Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) / 479 8. 광화학 옥시던트(Photochemical Oxidants) / 481 9. 암모니아(NH3) / 482 10. 염소 및 그 화합물 / 483 11. 폼알데하이드(HCHO, CH2O) / 483 12. 벤젠(C6H6) / 484 13. 브로민(Bromine, Br2) / 484 14. 불소 및 그 화합물 / 485 15. 오존(O3) / 485 ?/적중문제 / 495 05 중금속 및 기타 오염물질 ···········································500 1. 납(Pb) / 500 2. 크롬(Cr) / 500 3. 카드뮴(Cd) / 501 4. 수은(Hg) / 501 5. 비소(As) / 502 6. 기타 오염물질 / 503 7. 라돈(Rn) / 504 8. 석면 / 505 9. 다이옥신(Dioxin) / 506 ?적중문제 / 511 06 대기오염사건 ·····················································516 1. 대기오염의 역사 / 516 2. 역사적인 대기오염사건 / 516 3. 런던 스모그와 LA 스모그 비교 / 518 4. 환경 관련 협약 / 519 5. 스모그(smog) / 525 ?적중문제 / 530 07 자동차오염 ······················································535 1. 자동차 배출가스 / 535 2. 자동차의 AFR에 따른 배출가스 오염물질의 농도 / 537 3. 자동차 연료별 특징 / 537 4. 디젤자동차의 특징 / 539 5. 배출가스 방지기술 / 540 6. 기타 자동차의 종류 / 541 ? 적중문제 / 544 08 실내공기오염 ····················································546 1. 실내공기오염의 종류 / 546 2. 대표적 실내오염물질 / 547 3. 실내공기질 관리법 / 547 ? 적중문제 / 551 09 미기상학 ························································554 1. 대기의 성질 / 554 2. 대기층의 구조 / 555 3. 대기의 상태 / 557 4. 대기의 안정도 판정 / 558 5. 기온역전 / 560 6. 역전에 따른 플룸(plume)형태 / 563 7. 장애물에 의한 플룸 형태 / 565 8. 유효굴뚝높이(He) / 566 9. 최대혼합고(MMD；Maximum Mixing Depth) / 567 10.대기오염물질의 분산 / 568 11. 시정거리(가시거리) / 569 10 대기확산모델 ····················································571 1. 대기확산모델 / 571 2. 대기오염모델의 구성 / 571 3. 확산식의 기초(Fick’s 확산법칙) / 572 4. 대기오염모델의 종류 / 573 5. 상자모델 / 574 6. 가우시안(Gaussian) 모델 / 575 7. 3차원 수치모델(통계모델)；Lagrangian, Eulerian 모델 등 / 577 8. 기타 모델 / 577 9. 유체모형실험(물리적 모델) / 579 10.모델의 활용현황 및 개선방향 / 579 11 바람 ···························································580 1. 바람에 작용하는 힘 / 580 2. 바람의 종류 / 580 3. 해륙풍과 산곡풍 / 581 ? 적중문제 / 582 CHAPTER 02 연소공학 ····················································································· 593 1. 연소이론 / 593 2. 연료이론 / 597 3. 발열량(發熱量, heating value) / 602 4. 연소계산 / 605 5. 연소장치 및 시설 / 609 6. 소각로 / 610 7. 통풍 및 통풍방식 / 614 8. 국소배기시설 / 615 ? 적중문제 / 621 CHAPTER 03 대기오염방지기술 ········································································ 631 01 집진장치 ························································631 1. 집진장치 설계 시 고려인자 / 631 2. 집진장치의 종류 및 특성 / 634 3. 중력집진장치 / 635 4. 관성력 집진장치 / 636 5. 원심력 집진장치(cyclone) / 638 6. 세정집진장치 / 642 7. 여과집진장치(Bag House, Bag Filter) / 647 8. 전기집진장치(Electrostatic Precipitator) / 652 9. 집진장치의 집진효율 / 657 ? 적중문제 / 659 02 유해가스방지기술 ·················································668 1. 유해가스 처리기술 / 668 2. 흡수법 / 669 3. 흡착법 / 675 4. 연소법 / 678 5. 황산화물 방지기술 / 679 6. 질소산화물의 제어 / 683 ? 적중문제 / 689 PART 03 폐기물관리 및 처리기술 CHAPTER 01 폐기물 관리 ·················································································· 13 1. 폐기물의 정의 및 분류 / 13 2. 지정폐기물 / 16 3. 의료폐기물의 종류 / 21 ? 적중문제 / 22 CHAPTER 02 폐기물 발생 ·················································································· 27 1. 폐기물의 발생 / 27 2. 폐기물의 성상 / 30 3. 폐기물 발생량 예측방법 / 30 4. 폐기물 발생량 측정방법 / 31 5. 폐기물 발생량 영향인자 / 32 ? 적중문제 / 33 CHAPTER 03 폐기물의 성상 및 분석 ·································································· 39 1. 폐기물 시료채취 / 39 2. 폐기물의 물리화학적 조성분석 / 42 3. 폐기물발열량 / 43 4. 슬러지 / 45 ? 적중문제 / 46 CHAPTER 04 폐기물 관리계통 ············································································ 53 1. 폐기물 처리계통 및 수거 / 53 2. 적환장 설계 및 운전관리 / 57 3. 청소상태 평가방법 / 59 ? 적중문제 / 61 CHAPTER 05 폐기물 관련정책 및 제도 ······························································ 65 1. 폐기물관리정책 / 65 2. 폐기물관리제도 / 70 ? 적중문제 / 80 CHAPTER 06 폐기물의 자원화 ············································································ 85 1. 자원화 효과 및 저해요소 / 85 2. 자원화 분류 / 85 3. 퇴비화 / 86 4. RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) / 92 5. 열분해(Pyrolysis) / 94 ?적중문제 / 99 CHAPTER 07 유해폐기물의 중간처리 ································································ 110 1. 압축 / 110 2. 파쇄 / 111 3. 선별 / 115 4. 소각 / 123 5. 안정화 및 고형화 / 128 ? 적중문제 / 132 CHAPTER 08 폐기물의 최종처리 ······································································ 145 1. 매립지 선정 / 145 2. 매립방법의 분류 / 147 3. 매립방법에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 147 4. 매립구조에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 149 5. 매립공법에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 152 6. 폐기물 종류에 의한 분류 / 156 7. 매립으로 인한 환경변화 / 156 8. 침출수 / 161 9. 매립지 안정화 / 163 10. 매립의 장단점 / 164 11. 매립지의 주요 구조물 및 시설 / 164 12. 복토 / 168 ? 적중문제 / 169 CHAPTER 09 폐기물 관련 법규 ········································································ 190 1. 총칙 / 190 2. 폐기물 처리에 관한 구체적 기준 및 방법 / 197 3. 폐기물 처분시설 또는 재활용시설의 설치기준 / 216 ? 적중문제 / 231 PART 04 토양 환경과 지하수 오염 CHAPTER 01 토양 환경 ···················································································· 237 01 토양 오염 ·······················································237 1. 토양의 구조 및 성분 / 237 2. 토양 부식물질(Humic Substance) / 241 02 토양의 특성 ·····················································244 1. 토양 내 무기물질 / 244 2. 양이온교환용량(CEC；Cation Exchange Capacity) / 245 3. 염기포화도 / 246 4. 산화환원전위(ORP) / 247 5. 토양 공극률(Porosity, %) / 247 6. 토양수분 / 248 7. 토양공기 / 249 8. 토양의 생성작용 / 249 9. 점토광물 / 250 03 토양오염 ························································254 1. 토양오염 / 254 2. 토양오염 관련법규 / 257 04 토양오염 처리대책 및 기술 ·········································264 1. 토양의 복원처리 / 264 2. 복원기술의 분류 / 265 3. 물리ㆍ화학적 복원기술 / 268 4. 생물학적 복원기술 / 276 5. 열적 복원기술 / 287 6. 토양오염복원기술의 정리 / 293 CHAPTER 02 지하수 오염 ················································································ 302 01 지하수 개요 ·····················································302 1. 지하수의 구조 / 302 2. 수리지질 특성 인자 / 303 3. 지하수 유동 / 305 4. 지하수 오염물질(NAPL；Non Aqueous Phase Liquid) / 307 02 지하수 복원기술 ··················································308 1. 양수처리법(Pump and Treat Technology) / 308 2. 공기분사법(Air-sparging) / 309 3. 슬러리월 공법[Slurry wall, 수직차단벽법(Vertical barriers)] / 311 4. 투수성 반응벽체 공법(permeable reactive barrier；PRB) / 311 5. Bioreactors / 312 6. 공기탈기법(Air-stripping) / 313 7. 생물학적 정화(Bioremediation) / 313 8. 바이오슬러핑(Bioslurping) / 313 9. 자외선 산화 / 314 10. Extraction well 공법 / 314 11. Collection trench 공법 / 314 ? 적중문제 / 315 PART 05 소음ㆍ진동 CHAPTER 01 소음학 개론 ················································································ 337 1. 소음의 물리적 성질 / 337 2. 소리의 성질 / 343 3. 소음관련법칙 / 348 4. 음의 크기에 영향을 주는 물리량 / 349 5. 소음의 크기 표현 / 350 6. 감각적 음의 크기 / 352 7. 소음계의 구조 / 357 8. 음(소음)의 발생과 특성 / 358 9. 소음의 거리감쇠 / 360 10. 청각의 전달경로 및 귀의 구조별 역할 / 363 11. 소음의 계산 / 364 ? 적중문제 / 365 CHAPTER 02 소음대책 ····················································································· 383 1. 음의 분류 / 383 2. 음의 3요소 / 384 3. 소음공해 / 387 4. 소음의 평가 / 391 5. 소음방지 / 397 ? 적중문제 / 405 CHAPTER 03 진동학 개론 ················································································ 417 1. 진동의 물리적 성질 / 417 2. 공해진동의 크기 표현 / 418 3. 진동측정기기 / 420 4. 진동의 종류 / 422 5. 강제진동의 발생원인 / 424 6. 진동의 영향 및 피해 / 425 ? 적중문제 / 427 CHAPTER 04 방진대책 ····················································································· 433 1. 방진(Vibration Control) / 433 2. 진동방지 대책 / 434 3. 진동방지계획 및 진행방법 / 437 4. 방진재 / 437 5. 방진설계 / 440 ? 적중문제 / 442 CHAPTER 05 용어정리 ····················································································· 450 1. 소음 용어 / 450 2. 진동 용어 / 451 PART 부록 환경관계 법규 CHAPTER 01 환경정책기본법 ············································································ 455 CHAPTER 02 수질관련 법규 ············································································· 463 1. 물환경보전법 / 463 2. 지하수의 수질보전 등에 관한 규칙 / 489 3. 먹는물 수질기준 / 490 CHAPTER 03 대기관련 법규 ············································································· 493 CHAPTER 04 대기오염관련 법규 ······································································ 499 1. 미세먼지 저감 및 관리에 관한 특별법 / 499 2. 신에너지 및 재생에너지 개발ㆍ이용ㆍ보급 촉진법 / 503 3. 저탄소 녹색성장 기본법 / 505 4. 악취방지법 / 508 CHAPTER 05 폐기물관련 법규 ·········································································· 510 CHAPTER 06 소음ㆍ진동관련 법규 ··································································· 512 ㆍ참고자료 / 522