Introduction Part I Introduction to IPv6 Chapter 1 Introduction to IPv6 IPv6 Is Here Why Transition to IPv6? IPv4 Address Depletion Access to IPv6-Only Customers Better Performance Securing Your Current Network IPv4 IPv4 Address Depletion CIDR NAT with Private Addresses Problems with NAT NAT is Not Security NAT Example What About IPv5? The Fascinating History of IPv6 Some Background IPv4 Address Exhaustion and the Need for More International Involvement A Call for Proposals A More IP Version of IPv6 IPv6: More Than Just Longer Addresses IPv6 Myths Transitioning to IPv6 Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Chapter 2 IPv6 Primer Hexadecimal Number System IPv6 Address Types Global Unicast Address (GUA) Link-Local Unicast Address Unspecified Address Solicited-Node Multicast Address Address Terminology ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA) Messages Router Solicitation (RS) and Router Advertisement (RA) Messages Dynamic Address Allocation Summary Review Questions References RFCs Chapter 3 Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 Comparing the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers The IPv4 and IPv6 Version Fields IPv4 Internet Header Length (IHL) Field IPv4 Type of Service (ToS) and IPv6 Traffic Class Fields IPv6 Flow Label Field IPv4 Total Length Field, IPv6 Payload Length Field, and IPv6 Jumbograms IPv4 and IPv6 MTUs IPv4 Fragmentation IPv6 Fragmentation: IPv6 Source Only IPv4 Protocol and IPv6 Next Header Fields IPv4 Time to Live (TTL) and IPv6 Hop Limit Fields Checksums: IPv4, TCP, and UDP IPv4 and IPv6 Source Address and Destination Address Fields IPv4 Options and Padding Fields, IPv6 Fixed Length IPv6 over Ethernet Packet Analysis Using Wireshark Extension Headers Hop-by-Hop Options Extension Header Routing Extension Header Fragment Extension Header IPsec: AH and ESP Extension Headers Transport and Tunnel Modes Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Extension Header Authentication Header (AH) Extension Header Destination Options Extension Header No Next Header Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 at a Glance Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Part II IPv6 Addresses Chapter 4 IPv6 Address Representation and Address Types Representation of IPv6 Addresses Rule 1: Omit Leading 0s Rule 2: Omit All-0s Hextets Combining Rule 1 and Rule Prefix Length Notation IPv6 Address Types IPv6 Address Space Unicast Addresses Global Unicast Address Link-Local Unicast Address Loopback Addresses Unspecified Addresses Unique Local Addresses ULA and NAT L Flag and Global ID Site-Local Addresses (Deprecated) IPv4 Embedded Address IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Addresses (Deprecated) Multicast Addresses Well-Known Multicast Addresses Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses Anycast 주소 Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Book Chapter 5 Global Unicast Address Structure of a Global Unicast Address Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID Manual Configuration of a Global Unicast Address Manual GUA Configuration for Cisco IOS Manual GUA Configuration with EUI-64 for Cisco IOS Manual GUA Configuration with IPv6 Unnumbered for Cisco IOS Manual GUA Configuration for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS Implementing Static Routing and Verifying Connectivity with Ping Recognizing the Parts of a GUA Address and the 3–1–4 Rule Examining Other Prefix Lengths Subnetting IPv6 Extending the Subnet Prefix Subnetting on a Nibble Boundary Subnetting Within a Nibble Subnetting /127 Point-to-Point Links NDP Exhaustion Attack /127 Subnetting on Point-to-Point Links ipv6gen: An IPv6 Subnetting Tool Prefix Allocation Provider-Aggregatable (PA) and Provider-Independent (PI) Address Space Provider-Aggregatable Address Space Provider-Independent Address Space General Prefix Option Dynamic Addressing Methods with SLAAC and DHCPv6 Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Chapter 6 Link-Local Unicast Address Structure of a Link-Local Unicast Address Automatic Configuration of a Link-Local Address EUI-64 Generated Interface ID Verifying the Router’s Link-Local Address on Ethernet and Serial Interfaces Randomly Generated Interface ID Zone ID (%) on Link-Local Interfaces Manual Configuration of a Link-Local Address Link-Local Address and Duplicate Address Detection Link-Local Addresses and Default Gateways ipv6 enable: Isolated Link-Local Address Pinging a Link-Local Address Summary Review Questions References RFCs Chapter 7 Multicast Addresses Scope Multicast with Link-Local Scope Versus Link-Local Unicast Addresses Well-Known Multicast Addresses Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses Mapping Unicast Address to Solicited-Node Multicast Address Mapping to the Ethernet MAC Address Mapping Solicited-Node Multicast to Ethernet MAC Addresses Mapping Well-Known Multicast to Ethernet MAC Addresses Verifying the Address Mappings on Cisco IOS, Windows, and Linux Multiple Devices Using the Same Solicited-Node Multicast Address One Solicited-Node Multicast Address for Multiple Unicast Addresses Multicast Listener Discovery MLD Snooping Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites, Videos, and Books Part III Dynamic IPv6 Addressing Chapter 8 Basics of Dynamic Addressing in IPv6 Dynamic IPv4 Address Allocation: DHCPv4 Dynamic IPv6 Address Allocation ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages Router Advertisement Methods and the A, O, and M Flags Method 1: Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) Method 2: SLAAC with Stateless DHCPv6 Method 3: Stateful DHCPv6 DHCPv6 Services DHCPv6 Terminology and Message Types DHCPv6 Communications Summary Review Questions References RFCs Website Chapter 9 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) The RA Message and SLAAC On-Link Determination Generating an Interface ID Generating the Interface ID Using the EUI-64 Process Configuring a Windows Host to Use EUI-64 Privacy Extension for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Privacy Extension and Generating Randomized Interface IDs Privacy Extension and Temporary Addresses Disabling the Use of Temporary Addresses Autoconfigured Address States and Lifetimes Example: Autoconfigured Address States and Lifetimes Displaying IPv6 Lifetimes and State Information on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS Router Advertisement Fields and Options Examining the Router Advertisement with Wireshark Modifying the Valid Lifetime and Preferred Lifetime in the RA Message Including the DNS Address in the Router Advertisement Router Advertisement Configuration Options Default Address Selection Configuring the Router’s Interface as a SLAAC Client Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Other Chapter 10 Stateless DHCPv6 SLAAC with Stateless DHCPv6 Implementing Stateless DHCPv6 Configuring the RA Message’s Other Configuration Flag Wireshark Analysis of Router Advertisement: SLAAC and Stateless DHCPv6 Configuring a Router as a Stateless DHCPv6 Server Verifying Stateless DHCPv6 on a Windows Client Verifying the Router as a Stateless DHCPv6 Server DHCPv6 Options rapid-commit Option Configuring the Rapid-Commit Option Relay Agent Communications DHCPv6 Relay Agent Configuration Commands Configuring a Unicast DHCPv6 Relay Agent Configuring a DHCPv6 Relay Agent Using a Multicast Address Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Chapter 11 Stateful DHCPv6 Stateful DHCPv6 Messages and Process Implementing Stateful DHCPv6 Configuring the RA Message M Flag and A Flag Setting the M Flag to 1 with an A Flag Set to 1 Consequences of Disabling the RA Message or Omitting the Prefix Setting the M Flag to 1 and Modifying the A Flag to 0 Wireshark Analysis of Router Advertisement: Stateful DHCPv6 Configuring a Router as a Stateful DHCPv6 Server The Address Prefix Command Verifying Stateful DHCPv6 on a Windows Client Verifying the Router as a Stateful DHCPv6 Server DHCPv6 Options IPv6 Prefix Delegation Options for DHCPv6 Sample Configuration: Prefix Delegation with DHCPv6 DHCPv6-PD Process HOME Router (Requesting Router) Configuration and Verification ISP Router (Delegating Router) Configuration and Verification Verifying Prefix Delegation with DHCPv6 on WinPC Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Part IV ICMPv6 and ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Chapter 12 ICMPv6 General Message Format ICMP Error Messages Destination Unreachable Packet Too Big Path MTU Discovery Time Exceeded Parameter Problem ICMP Informational Messages Echo Request and Echo Reply Pinging a Global Unicast Address Pinging a Link-Local Address Summary Review Questions References RFCs Chapter 13 ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Neighbor Discovery Options Default Router and Prefix Determination Router Solicitation Message Router Advertisement Message Address Resolution The Address Resolution Process Characteristics of the Neighbor Solicitation Message Format of the Neighbor Solicitation Message Format of the Neighbor Advertisement Message Neighbor Cache Destination Cache Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) Redirect Message Summary Review Questions References RFCs Part V Routing IPv6 Chapter 14 IPv6 Routing Table and Static Routes Configuring a Router as an IPv6 Router Understanding the IPv6 Routing Table Codes: NDp and ND Code: Connected Code: Local Configuring IPv6 Static Routes Static Routes with a GUA Next-Hop Address Static Routes with a Link-Local Next-Hop Address Static Routes with Only an Exit Interface Default Static Routes with Link-Local Next-Hop Addresses Verifying IPv6 Static Routes Summarizing IPv6 Routes IPv6 Summary Static Route CEF for IPv6 Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Books Chapter 15 EIGRP for IPv6 Comparing EIGRPv4 and EIGRPv6 Classic EIGRP for IPv6 Configuring Classic EIGRP for IPv6 Verifying Classic EIGRP for IPv6 EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 Configuring EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 Verifying EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 Comparing EIGRP Named Mode for IPv4 and IPv6 Summary Review Questions References RFC Websites Books Chapter 16 OSPFv3 Comparing OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 Traditional OSPFv3 Configuring Traditional OSPFv3 ASBR and Advertising a Default Route Area Border Router with Totally Stubby Area Internal Router: Totally Stubby Area Advertising a Default Route Verifying Traditional OSPFv3 OSPFv3 with Address Families Configuring OSPFv3 with AF ASBR and Advertising a Default Route ABR with Totally Stubby Area Internal Router: Totally Stubby Area Verifying OSPFv3 with AF Configuring OSPFv3 for an IPv4 Island Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Books Part VI Implementing IPv6 Chapter 17 Deploying IPv6 in the Network IPv6 Address Plan Considerations Encoding Information in the Subnet ID VLAN-Mapped Subnet ID IPv6 Address Plans IPv6 VLANs IPv6 First Hop Redundancy Protocols ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery HSRP and VRRP GLBP Selecting an FHRP Dual Stack IPv6 Address Format in URL Syntax DNS DNS Query and Response Happy Eyeballs IPv6 Access Control Lists Configuring IPv6 ACLs Transition Technologies Translation with NAT64 Traffic Initiated from IPv6-Only Clients to IPv4-Only Servers Traffic Initiated from IPv4-Only Clients to IPv6-Only Servers Other Translation Techniques Tunneling IPv6 Conclusion Summary Review Questions References RFCs Websites Appendixes Appendix A Configuring NAT64 and IPv6 Tunnels Configuring NAT64 Configuring IPv6 Tunnels Manual Tunnels 6to4 Tunnels 6to4 Tunnels and Loopback Interfaces ISATAP Appendix B IPv6 Command Quick Reference Cisco IOS Commands Addressing Commands Global Unicast Address and Unique Local Unicast Addresses Link-Local Unicast Address General Prefix DNS host commands Verifying Address Information ICMPv6 Router Advertisement Commands Enabling ICMPv6 Router Advertisements 인터페이스상에서 Router Advertisement 파라미터를 수정한다 Verifying Router Advertisements Configuring a DHCPv6 Server Stateless DHCPv6 Configuration Pool Commands Stateful DHCPv6 Configuration Pool Commands Associating the DHCPv6 Pool to an Interface DHCPv6 Relay Verifying DHCPv6 Information IPv6 Access Control Lists Configuring IPv6 ACLs Verifying IPv6 ACLs Static Routes, Displaying the Routing Table, and CEF for IPv6 Static Routes Verifying Static Routes CEF for IPv6 EIGRP for IPv6 Classic EIGRP for IPv6 EIGRP Named Mode EIGRP for IPv6 Verification Commands OSPFv3 Configuring Traditional OSPFv3 Verifying Traditional OSPFv3 Configuring OSPFv3 with Address Families Verifying OSPFv3 with Address Families Host Operating System Commands Windows OS 5 General Commands Interface Addresses Information SLAAC Interface ID Linux OS General Commands Address Configuration Commands Mac OS X General Commands Address Configuration Commands Appendix C Answers to Review Questions Index

“쉬운 일은 아니지만, 무리를 마을로 몰고 오는데 한 마리도 잃어버리지 않는다면, 세상에서 그런 기분을 느끼기 힘들 겁니다.” - 고양이 목동, XXXIV(34회) 슈퍼보울에서 방송된 EDS(Electronic Data Systems)의 광고 IPv6를 배우는 것은 고양이를 키우는 것과 약간 비슷하다. 어디에서 시작할까? 많은 새로운 개념들이 있고, 여러분이 어디에서 시작하든 언제나 다른 것부터 시작하는 것이 더 나았으리라 생각하게 된다. 이것은 각 주제를 이해하기 위해서 얽혀 있는 다른 주제를 이해하고 있어야 하기 때문이다. 이 장은 책의 나머지 부분을 더 잘 이해하는 데 필요한 개념, 프로토콜, 용어에 관한 간략한 소개를 제공한다. 또한, 이 장은 IPv6 및 ICMPv6(Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6)와 관련된 프로토콜에 대한 변경사항에 관한 더 나은 이해를 할 수 있게 해 준다. - 59쪽, 〈Chapter 2: IPv6 Primer〉 中 global unicast 주소(GUA)는 IPv6 네트워크상에서 전 세계적으로 라우팅(globally routable)되고, 접근 가능하다. 이 주소는 IPv4에서 공인 IPv4 주소에 해당한다. GUA 주소는 4장 “IPv6 Address Representation and Address Types”에서 언급했듯이 “aggregatable(축약 가능) global unicast 주소”라고도 한다. GUA 주소는 Figure 5-1에 표시된 여러 유형의 IPv6 unicast 주소 중 하나이다. 이번 장에서는 4장에서 언급한 다음 내용에 대해 자세히 설명한다. 이 장에서는 위의 주제와 추가적인 주제에 관해 좀 더 자세하게 설명을 하겠다. global unicast 주소의 구조를 살피고, 시스코 IOS, Windows, Linux, MAC OS에서 GUA 주소를 수동 설정하는 방법을 알아보겠다. - 145쪽, 〈Chapter 5: Global Unicast Address〉 中 이 장에서는 IPv4의 DHCP와 비슷한 방법인 stateful DHCPv6에 대해 중점을 두고 설명했다. 또한, ISP가 고객에 IPv6 주소 정보를 할당할 때 사용할 수 있는 DHCPv6 프리픽스 위임 옵션에 관해서도 설명하였다. 이 장에서는 stateful DHCPv6에 사용되는 프로세스와 메시지에 관해 확인해 보았다. 라우터는 M 플래그(Managed Address Configuration flag)가 “1”로 설정된 ICMPv6 Router Advertisement 메시지를 보낸다. 이렇게 하면 global unicast 주소 및 기타 설정 정보를 stateful DHCPv6에서 받을 수 있음을 호스트에 알려준다. M 플래그는 다음의 인터페이스 명령을 사용하여 “1”로 설정할 수 있다. - 353쪽, 〈Chapter 11: Stateful DHCPv6 Summary〉 中 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(EIGRP)은 IOS 9.21과 함께 1992년에 소개되었으며, 시스코가 만든 distance-vector, classless 라우팅 프로토콜이다. 이름에서 짐작하겠지만 EIGRP는 시스코의 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(IGRP)의 개선판이다. EIGRP를 개발한 시스코의 주요 목적은 IGRP의 classless 버전을 만드는 것이었다. EIGRP는 IGRP와 Routing Information Protocol(RIP)과 같은 다른 distance-vector 라우팅 프로토콜에서 일반적으로 찾을 수 없는 몇 가지 특징을 포함하고 있다. 시스코는 EIGRP의 기본 기능을 RFC 7868 “Cisco’s Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(EIGRP)”을 통해 개방 표준으로 공개했다. 다른 장비 제조사도 시스코 혹은 또 다른 제조사의 EIGRP를 올린 장비와 연동하기 위해 EIGRP를 구현할 수 있다. 그러나 EIGRP의 향상된 기능(DMVPN 구현을 위해 필요한 EIGRP stub 같은)은 IETF에 공개되지 않았다. RFC 7868은 정보 RFC1이므로 시스코는 EIGRP에 대한 통제를 계속 유지할 것이다. - 421쪽, 〈Chapter 15: EIGRP for IPv6〉 中 IPv6를 적용하는 것은 광범위한 주제이며 네트워크와 사용자의 필요에 달려있어 다양한 많은 것들을 의미할 수 있다. 이 장의 목적은 여러분들이 네트워크에 IPv6를 적용할 때 고려할 만한 몇 가지 주제를 소개하여 적절한 결론으로 인도하기 위한 것이다. …(중략)… 이 책 이후에 추천할 만한 IPv6 적용에 대한 가이드는 Tim Martin의 Cisco Press video series “IPv6 Design and Deployment LiveLessions”이다. 이 비디오 시리즈는 네트워크에 IPv6를 적용하는 데 관한 전체적이고 깊은 이해를 제공한다. 다음은 IPv6를 구현할 때 고려해야 할 주제에 대한 멋진 통찰을 제공하는 비디오 시리즈의 전체적인 요약이다. - 519쪽, 〈Chapter 17: Deploying IPv6 in the Network〉 中