Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Book Overview 1.2 Chapter Summaries 1.3 How to Use This Book 1.4 Why Learn to Analyze 1.5 Getting Ready 1.6 Introduction to R 1.7 Loading and Making Sense of Data 1.8 Computing and Interpreting Means 1.9 Summary 1.10 Cheastheets 2 Estimating Casual Effects with Randomized Experiments 2.1 Project STAR 2.2 Treatment and Outcome Variables 2.3 Individual Causal Effects 2.4 Average Causal Effects 2.5 Do Small Classes Improve Student Performance? 2.6 Summary 2.7 Cheatsheets 3 Inferring Population Characterisitics via Survey Reseach 3.1 The EU Referendum in the UK 3.2 Survey Research 3.3 Measuring Support for Brexit 3.4 Who Supported Brexit? 3.5 Relationship; between Education and the Leave Vote in the Entire UK 3.6 Summary 3.7 Cheastsheets 4 Prducting Outcomes Using Linear Regression 4.1 GDP and Night-Time Light Emissions 4.2 Predictors, Observed vs. Predicted Outcomes, and Prediction Errors 4.3 Summarizing the Relationship between Two Variables with a Line 4.4 Predicting GDP Using Prior GDP 4.5 Predicting GDP Growth Using Night-Time Light Emissions 4.6 Measuring How Well the Model Fits the Data with the Coefficient of Determanation R2 4.7 Summary 4.8 Appendix: Interpretation of the Slope in the Log-Log Linear Model 4.9 Cheastsheets 5 Esimating Causal Effects with Observational Data 5.1 Russian State-Controlled TV Coverage of 2014 Ukrainian Affairs 5.2 Challenges of Esimating Causal Effects with Observational Data 5.3 The Effect of Russian TV on Ukranians' Voting Behavior 5.4 The Effect of Russian TV on Ukrainian Electoral Outcomes 5.5 Internal and External Validity 5.6 Summary 5.7 Cheatsheets 6 Probability 6.1 What Is Probabilty? 6.2 Axioms of Probabilty 6.3 Events, Random Variables, and Probability Distributions 6.4 Probability Distrbutions 6.5 Population Parameters vs. Sample Statistics 6.6 Summary 6.7 Appendix: For Loops 6.8 Cheatsheets 7 Quantifying Uncertainty 7.1 Estimators and Their Sampling Distributions 7.2 Confidence Intervals 7.3 Hypothesis Testing 7.4 Statistical vs. Scientific Significance 7.5 Summary 7.6 Cheatsheets Index of Concepts Index of Mathematical Notation Index of R and RStudio