1 Introduction and Mathematical Concepts 1 1.1 The Nature of Physics 1 1.2 Units 2 1.3 The Role of Units in Problem Solving 3 1.4 Trigonometry 6 1.5 Scalars and Vectors 8 1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction 10 1.7 The Components of a Vector 12 1.8 Addition of Vectors by Means of Components 15 Concept Summary 19 Focus on Concepts 19 Problems 21 Additional Problems 24 Concepts and Calculations Problems 25 Team Problems 26 2 Kinematics in One Dimension 27 2.1 Displacement 27 2.2 Speed and Velocity 28 2.3 Acceleration 31 2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration 34 2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics 37 2.6 Freely Falling Bodies 41 2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration 45 Concept Summary 47 Focus on Concepts 48 Problems 49 Additional Problems 53 Concepts and Calculations Problems 54 Team Problems 54 3 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 55 3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 55 3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions 56 3.3 Projectile Motion 60 3.4 Relative Velocity 68 Concept Summary 72 Focus on Concepts 73 Problems 74 Additional Problems 77 Concepts and Calculations Problems 78 Team Problems 79 4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion 80 4.1 The Concepts of Force and Mass 80 4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 81 4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 83 4.4 The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law of Motion 85 4.5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 86 4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview 88 4.7 The Gravitational Force 88 4.8 The Normal Force 92 4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces 95 4.10 The Tension Force 101 4.11 Equilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion 102 4.12 Nonequilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion 106 Concept Summary 111 Focus on Concepts 112 Problems 114 Additional Problems 118 Concepts and Calculations Problems 119 Team Problems 120 5 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 121 5.1 Uniform Circular Motion 121 5.2 Centripetal Acceleration 122 5.3 Centripetal Force 125 5.4 Banked Curves 129 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits 130 5.6 Apparent Weightlessness and Artificial Gravity 133 5.7 Vertical Circular Motion 136 Concept Summary 137 Focus on Concepts 138 Problems 139 Additional Problems 141 Concepts and Calculations Problems 142 Team Problems 143 6 Work and Energy 144 6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force 144 6.2 The Work?Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy 147 6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 153 6.4 Conservative versus Nonconservative Forces 155 6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy 157 6.6 Nonconservative Forces and the Work?Energy Theorem 161 6.7 Power 162 6.8 Other Forms of Energy and the Conservation of Energy 164 6.9 Work Done by a Variable Force 164 Concept Summary 166 Focus on Concepts 167 Problems 168 Additional Problems 172 Concepts and Calculations Problems 173 Team Problems 174 7 Impulse and Momentum 175 7.1 The Impulse?Momentum Theorem 175 7.2 The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum 179 7.3 Collisions in One Dimension 184 7.4 Collisions in Two Dimensions 189 7.5 Center of Mass 189 Concept Summary 192 Focus on Concepts 193 Problems 194 Additional Problems 197 Concepts and Calculations Problems 198 Team Problems 199 8 Rotational Kinematics 200 8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement 200 8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration 203 8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics 205 8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables 208 8.5 Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration 210 8.6 Rolling Motion 213 8.7 The Vector Nature of Angular Variables 214 Concept Summary 215 Focus on Concepts 216 Problems 216 Additional Problems 220 Concepts and Calculations Problems 221 Team Problems 222 9 Rotational Dynamics 223 9.1 The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects 223 9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium 226 9.3 Center of Gravity 231 9.4 Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis 236 9.5 Rotational Work and Energy 241 9.6 Angular Momentum 244 Concept Summary 246 Focus on Concepts 247 Problems 248 Additional Problems 254 Concepts and Calculations Problems 255 Team Problems 256 10 Simple Harmonic Motion and Elasticity 257 10.1 The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion 257 10.2 Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle 261 10.3 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion 267 10.4 The Pendulum 270 10.5 Damped Harmonic Motion 273 10.6 Driven Harmonic Motion and Resonance 274 10.7 Elastic Deformation 275 10.8 Stress, Strain, and Hooke’s Law 279 Concept Summary 280 Focus on Concepts 281 Problems 282 Additional Problems 287 Concepts and Calculations Problems 288 Team Problems 288 11 Fluids 289 11.1 Mass Density 289 11.2 Pressure 291 11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid 293 11.4 Pressure Gauges 297 11.5 Pascal’s Principle 298 11.6 Archimedes’ Principle 300 11.7 Fluids in Motion 305 11.8 The Equation of Continuity 307 11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation 309 11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 311 11.11 *Viscous Flow 314 Concept Summary 317 Focus on Concepts 318 Problems 319 Additional Problems 323 Concepts and Calculations Problems 324 Team Problems 325 12 Temperature and Heat 326 12.1 Common Temperature Scales 326 12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale 328 12.3 Thermometers 329 12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion 330 12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion 337 12.6 Heat and Internal Energy 339 12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity 340 12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat 343 12.9 Equilibrium between Phases of Matter 347 12.10 Humidity 350 Concept Summary 352 Focus on Concepts 352 Problems 353 Additional Problems 358 Concepts and Calculations Problems 358 Team Problems 359 13 The Transfer of Heat 360 13.1 Convection 360 13.2 Conduction 363 13.3 Radiation 370 13.4 Applications 373 Concept Summary 375 Focus on Concepts 375 Problems 376 Additional Problems 378 Concepts and Calculations Problems 379 Team Problems 379 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 380 14.1 Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro’s Number 380 14.2 The Ideal Gas Law 383 14.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases 388 14.4 Diffusion 392 Concept Summary 395 Focus on Concepts 396 Problems 397 Additional Problems 399 Concepts and Calculations Problems 400 Team Problems 400 15 Thermodynamics 401 15.1 Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings 401 15.2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 402 15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 402 15.4 Thermal Processes 404 15.5 Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas 408 15.6 Specific Heat Capacities 411 15.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 412 15.8 Heat Engines 413 15.9 Carnot’s Principle and the Carnot Engine 414 15.10 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps 417 15.11 Entropy 420 15.12 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 425 Concept Summary 425 Focus on Concepts 426 Problems 427 Additional Problems 431 Concepts and Calculations Problems 432 Team Problems 432 16 Waves and Sound 433 16.1 The Nature of Waves 433 16.2 Periodic Waves 435 16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String 436 16.4 The Mathematical Description of a Wave 439 16.5 The Nature of Sound 439 16.6 The Speed of Sound 442 16.7 Sound Intensity 446 16.8 Decibels 448 16.9 The Doppler Effect 450 16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine 454 16.11 The Sensitivity of the Human Ear 455 Concept Summary 456 Focus on Concepts 457 Problems 458 Additional Problems 463 Concepts and Calculations Problems 464 Team Problems 464 17 The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference Phenomena 465 17.1 The Principle of Linear Superposition 465 17.2 Constructive and Destructive Interference of Sound Waves 466 17.3 Diffraction 470 17.4 Beats 473 17.5 Transverse Standing Waves 474 17.6 Longitudinal Standing Waves 478 17.7 Complex Sound Waves 481 Concept Summary 482 Focus on Concepts 483 Problems 484 Additional Problems 487 Concepts and Calculations Problems 488 Team Problems 488 18 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 489 18.1 The Origin of Electricity 489 18.2 Charged Objects and the Electric Force 490 18.3 Conductors and Insulators 493 18.4 Charging by Contact and by Induction 493 18.5 Coulomb’s Law 495 18.6 The Electric Field 500 18.7 Electric Field Lines 505 18.8 The Electric Field inside a Conductor: Shielding 508 18.9 Gauss’ Law 510 18.10 Copiers and Computer Printers 513 Concept Summary 516 Focus on Concepts 516 Problems 517 Additional Problems 521 Concepts and Calculations Problems 521 Team Problems 522 19 Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential 523 19.1 Potential Energy 523 19.2 The Electric Potential Difference 524 19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges 530 19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field 534 19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics 537 19.6 *Biomedical Applications of Electric Potential Differences 541 Concept Summary 544 Focus on Concepts 544 Problems 546 Additional Problems 548 Concepts and Calculations Problems 549 Team Problems 550 20 Electric Circuits 551 20.1 Electromotive Force and Current 551 20.2 Ohm’s Law 553 20.3 Resistance and Resistivity 554 20.4 Electric Power 557 20.5 Alternating Current 559 20.6 Series Wiring 562 20.7 Parallel Wiring 565 20.8 Circuits Wired Partially in Series and Partially in Parallel 569 20.9 Internal Resistance 570 20.10 Kirchhoff ’s Rules 571 20.11 The Measurement of Current and Voltage 574 20.12 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 575 20.13 RC Circuits 577 20.14 Safety and the Physiological Effects of Current 579 Concept Summary 580 Focus on Concepts 581 Problems 582 Additional Problems 588 Concepts and Calculations Problems 589 Team Problems 589 21 Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields 590 21.1 Magnetic Fields 590 21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Moving Charge 592 21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 595 21.4 The Mass Spectrometer 599 21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field 600 21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil 602 21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 605 21.8 Ampere’s Law 612 21.9 Magnetic Materials 613 Concept Summary 616 Focus on Concepts 617 Problems 618 Additional Problems 623 Concepts and Calculations Problems 624 Team Problems 624 22 Electromagnetic Induction 625 22.1 Induced Emf and Induced Current 625 22.2 Motional Emf 627 22.3 Magnetic Flux 631 22.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 634 22.5 Lenz’s Law 637 22.6 *Applications of Electromagnetic Induction to the Reproduction of Sound 640 22.7 The Electric Generator 641 22.8 Mutual Inductance and Self-Inductance 646 22.9 Transformers 649 Concept Summary 652 Focus on Concepts 653 Problems 654 Additional Problems 659 Concepts and Calculations Problems 659 Team Problems 660 23 Alternating Current Circuits 661 23.1 Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance 661 23.2 Inductors and Inductive Reactance 664 23.3 Circuits Containing Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance 665 23.4 Resonance in Electric Circuits 670 23.5 Semiconductor Devices 672 Concept Summary 678 Focus on Concepts 679 Problems 680 Additional Problems 681 Concepts and Calculations Problems 682 Team Problems 683 24 Electromagnetic Waves 684 24.1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves 684 24.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 688 24.3 The Speed of Light 690 24.4 The Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves 692 24.5 The Doppler Effect and Electromagnetic Waves 695 24.6 Polarization 697 Concept Summary 704 Focus on Concepts 704 Problems 705 Additional Problems 708 Concepts and Calculations Problems 709 Team Problems 710 25 The Reflection of Light: Mirrors 711 25.1 Wave Fronts and Rays 711 25.2 The Reflection of Light 712 25.3 The Formation of Images by a Plane Mirror 713 25.4 Spherical Mirrors 716 25.5 The Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors 718 25.6 The Mirror Equation and the Magnification Equation 722 Concept Summary 728 Focus on Concepts 728 Problems 729 Additional Problems 731 Concepts and Calculations Problems 731 Team Problems 732 26 The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments 733 26.1 The Index of Refraction 733 26.2 Snell’s Law and the Refraction of Light 734 26.3 Total Internal Reflection 739 26.4 Polarization and the Reflection and Refraction of Light 745 26.5 The Dispersion of Light: Prisms and Rainbows 746 26.6 Lenses 748 26.7 The Formation of Images by Lenses 749 26.8 The Thin-Lens Equation and the Magnification Equation 752 26.9 Lenses in Combination 755 26.10 The Human Eye 756 26.11 Angular Magnification and the Magnifying Glass 761 26.12 The Compound Microscope 763 26.13 The Telescope 764 26.14 Lens Aberrations 765 Concept Summary 767 Focus on Concepts 768 Problems 769 Additional Problems 775 Concepts and Calculations Problems 775 Team Problems 776 27 Interference and the Wave Nature of Light 777 27.1 The Principle of Linear Superposition 777 27.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 779 27.3 Thin-Film Interference 782 27.4 The Michelson Interferometer 786 27.5 Diffraction 787 27.6 Resolving Power 791 27.7 The Diffraction Grating 796 27.8 Compact Discs, Digital Video Discs, and the Use of Interference 798 27.9 X-Ray Diffraction 799 Concept Summary 801 Focus on Concepts 802 Problems 803 Additional Problems 805 Concepts and Calculations Problems 806 Team Problems 807 28 Special Relativity 808 28.1 Events and Inertial Reference Frames 808 28.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity 809 28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation 811 28.4 The Relativity of Length: Length Contraction 815 28.5 Relativistic Momentum 817 28.6 The Equivalence of Mass and Energy 819 28.7 The Relativistic Addition of Velocities 824 Concept Summary 827 Focus on Concepts 827 Problems 828 Additional Problems 830 Concepts and Calculations Problems 831 Team Problems 831 29 Particles and Waves 832 29.1 The Wave?Particle Duality 832 29.2 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Constant 833 29.3 Photons and the Photoelectric Eff ect 834 29.4 The Momentum of a Photon and the Compton Effect 840 29.5 The De Broglie Wavelength and the Wave Nature of Matter 843 29.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 845 Concept Summary 849 Focus on Concepts 849 Additional Problems 852 Concepts and Calculations Problems 852 Team Problems 852 30 The Nature of the Atom 853 30.1 Rutherford Scattering and the Nuclear Atom 853 30.2 Line Spectra 855 30.3 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 857 30.4 De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Assumption about Angular Momentum 861 30.5 The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Hydrogen Atom 862 30.6 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table of the Elements 866 30.7 X-Rays 868 30.8 The Laser 872 30.9 Medical Applications of the Laser 874 30.10 Holography 876 Concept Summary 878 Focus on Concepts 879 Problems 880 Additional Problems 883 Concepts and Calculations Problems 883 Team Problems 883 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 885 31.1 Nuclear Structure 885 31.2 The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus 887 31.3 The Mass Defect of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy 888 31.4 Radioactivity 890 31.5 The Neutrino 896 31.6 Radioactive Decay and Activity 897 31.7 Radioactive Dating 900 31.8 Radioactive Decay Series 903 31.9 Radiation Detectors 904 Concept Summary 906 Focus on Concepts 907 Problems 908 Additional Problems 910 Concepts and Calculations Problems 910 Team Problems 910 32 Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy, and Elementary Particles 911 32.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 911 32.2 Induced Nuclear Reactions 915 32.3 Nuclear Fission 916 32.4 Nuclear Reactors 919 32.5 Nuclear Fusion 920 32.6 Elementary Particles 922 32.7 Cosmology 928 Concept Summary 931 Focus on Concepts 932 Problems 932 Additional Problems 934 Concepts and Calculations Problems 935 Team Problems 935