List of tables List of figures Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition Preface to the third edition Preface to the fourth edition The International Phonetic Alphabet 1. Introduction 1.1 Phonetics and phonology 1.2 The generative enterprise Further reading 2. Introduction to articulatory phonetics 2.1 Overview 2.2 Speech sound classification 2.3 Suprasegmental structure 2.4 Consonants versus vowels Further reading Exercises 3. Consonants 3.1 Stops 3.2 Affricates 3.3 Fricatives 3.4 Nasals 3.5 Liquids 3.6 Glides 3.7 An inventory of English consonants Further reading Exercises 4. Vowels 4.1 Vowel classification 4.2 The vowel space and Cardinal Vowels 4.3 Further classifications 4.4 The vowels of English 4.5 Some vowel systems of English Further reading Exercises 5. Acoustic phonetics 5.1 Fundamentals 5.2 Speech sounds 5.3 Cross linguistic values Further reading Exercises 6. Above the segment 6.1 The syllable 6.2 Stress 6.3 Tone and intonation Further reading Exercises 7. Features 7.1 Segmental composition 7.2 Phonetic versus phonological features 7.3 Charting the features 7.4 Conclusion Further reading Exercises 8. Phonemic analysis 8.1 Sounds that are the same but different 8.2 Finding phonemes and allophones 8.3 Linking levels: rules 8.4 Choosing the underlying form 8.5 Summary Further reading Exercises 9. Phonological alternations, processes and rules 9.1 Alternations versus processes versus rules 9.2 Alternation types 9.3 Representing phonological generalisations: rules and constraints 9.4 Overview of phonological operations 9.5 Summary Further reading Exercises 10. Phonological structure 10.1 The need for richer phonological representation 10.2 Segment internal structure: feature geometry, underspecification and unary features 10.3 Autosegmental phonology 10.4 Suprasegmental structure 10.5 Conclusion Further reading Exercises 11. Derivational analysis 11.1 The aims of analysis 11.2 A derivational analysis of English noun plural formation 11.3 Extrinsic versus intrinsic rule ordering 11.4 Evaluating competing analyses: evidence, economy and plausibility 11.5 Conclusion Further reading Exercises 12. Constraint-based analysis 12.1 Introduction to Optimality Theory 12.2 The aims of analysis 12.3 Modelling phonological processes in OT 12.4 English noun plural formation: an OT account 12.5 Competing analyses 12.6 Conclusion Further reading Exercises 13. Constraining the model 13.1 Constraining derivational phonology: abstractness 13.2 Constraining the power of the phonological component 13.3 Constraining the power of OT 13.4 Conclusion Further reading Glossary References Subject index Varieties of English index Languages index show less