About the Authors iii Preface to the Fourth Edition v General Nomenclature xiii Dimensions and Units xvii 1. Separation Processes 1 1.0? Instructional Objectives 1 1.1? Industrial Chemical Processes 1 1.2? Basic Separation Techniques 3 1.3? Separations by Phase Creation 4 1.4? Separations by Phase Addition 6 1.5? Separations by Barrier 7 1.6? Separations by an External Field or Gradient 7 1.7? Brief Comparison of Common Separation Operations 8 1.8? Separation Processes, Product Purity, Component Recovery, and Separation Sequences 9 Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 2. Thermodynamics of Separation Operations 16 2.0? Instructional Objectives 16 2.1? Phase Equilibria 16 2.2? Ideal-Gas, Ideal-Liquid-Solution Model 20 2.3? Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Properties 21 2.4? Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models 23 2.5? P-v-T Equation-of-State (EOS) Models 23 2.6? Highly Nonideal Liquid Solutions 27 2.7? Gibbs Excess Free-Energy (gE) Models 29 2.8? Predictive Models 34 2.9? Electrolyte Solution Models 36 2.10? Polymer Solution Models 36 2.11? K-Value Methods in Process Simulators 36 2.12? Exergy and Second-Law Analysis 37 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 3. Mass Transfer and Diffusion 46 3.0? Instructional Objectives 46 3.1? Steady-State, Ordinary Molecular Diffusion 47 3.2? Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities) 51 3.3? Steady-State and Unsteady-State Mass Transfer Through Stationary Media 58 3.4? Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow 60 3.5? Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow 68 3.6? Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a Fluid?Fluid Interface 73 3.7? Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients 76 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 4. Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations 87 4.0? Instructional Objectives 87 4.1? Gibbs’ Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom 88 4.2? Binary Vapor?Liquid Systems at Equilibrium 89 4.3? Equilibrium Two-Phase Flash Calculations 93 4.4? Ternary Liquid?Liquid Systems at Equilibrium 97 4.5? Multicomponent Liquid?Liquid Systems 101 4.6? Liquid?Solid Systems 102 4.7? Gas?Liquid Systems 104 4.8? Gas?Solid Systems 105 4.9? Three-Phase Equilibrium Systems 107 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 5. Multistage Cascades and Hybrid Systems 118 5.0? Instructional Objectives 118 5.1? Cascade Configurations 118 5.2? Single-Section Liquid?Liquid Extraction Cascades 119 5.3? Two-Section Distillation Cascades 121 5.4? Membrane Cascades 123 5.5? Hybrid Systems 125 5.6? Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Cascades 125 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 6. Absorption and Stripping 137 6.0? Instructional Objectives 137 6.1? Equipment for Vapor?Liquid Separations 138 6.2? General Design Considerations 143 6.3? Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 144 6.4? Kremser Group Method for Multicomponent Absorption and Stripping 148 6.5? Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed Columns 154 6.6? Flooding, Column Diameter, and Tray Layout for Trayed Columns 161 6.7? Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns 164 6.8? Packed-Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter, Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass-Transfer Efficiency 169 6.9? Reactive (Chemical) Absorption 180 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 7. Distillation of Binary Mixtures 191 7.0? Instructional Objectives 191 7.1? Equipment and Design Considerations 193 7.2? McCabe?Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 193 7.3? Extensions of the McCabe?Thiele Method 203 7.4? Estimation of Tray Efficiency for Distillation 208 7.5? Column and Reflux-Drum Diameters 215 7.6? Rate-Based Method for Packed Distillation Columns 216 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 8. Liquid?Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems 231 8.0? Instructional Objectives 231 8.1? Equipment for Solvent Extraction 233 8.2? General Design Considerations 239 8.3? Hunter?Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method 243 8.4? Theory and Scale-Up of Extractor Performance 252 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 9. Approximate Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 267 9.0? Instructional Objectives 267 9.1? Fenske?Underwood?Gilliland (FUG) Method 267 9.2? Using the Shortcut (FUG) Method with Process Simulators 279 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 10. Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and Extraction 284 10.0? Instructional Objectives 284 10.1? Simple Model for a Vapor?Liquid Equilibrium Stage 284 10.2? Evolution of Methods for Solving the Mesh Equations 286 10.3? Strategies for Applying Process-Simulator Methods 287 10.4? Main Mathematical Procedures 291 10.5? Bubble-Point (BP) and Sum-Rates (SR) Methods 294 10.6? Simultaneous-Correction Method 297 10.7? Inside-Out Method 304 10.8? Rigorous Methods for Liquid?Liquid Extraction 309 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 11. Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction 320 11.0? Instructional Objectives 320 11.1? Use of Triangular Graphs 321 11.2? Extractive Distillation 332 11.3? Salt Distillation 335 11.4? Pressure-Swing Distillation 337 11.5? Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 339 11.6? Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 343 11.7? Reactive Distillation 352 11.8? Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 357 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 12. Rate-Based Models for Vapor?Liquid Separation Operations 368 12.0? Instructional Objectives 368 12.1? Rate-Based Model 370 12.2? Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions 372 12.3? Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area 375 12.4? Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns 375 12.5? Method of Calculation 376 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 13. Batch Distillation 385 13.0? Instructional Objectives 385 13.1? Differential Distillation 385 13.2? Binary Batch Rectification 388 13.3? Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation 390 13.4? Effect of Liquid Holdup 391 13.5? Stage-by-Stage Methods for Batch Rectification 391 13.6? Intermediate-Cut Strategy 400 13.7? Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux Ratio 401 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises ?Suitable for an UG course ?Optional ?Advanced 14. Membrane Separations 408 14.0? Instructional Objectives 408 14.1? Membrane Materials 410 14.2? Membrane Modules 414 14.3? Mass Transfer in Membranes 416 14.4? Dialysis 430 14.5? Electrodialysis 432 14.6? Reverse Osmosis 434 14.7? Gas Permeation 438 14.8? Pervaporation 441 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises 15. Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography 451 15.0? Instructional Objectives 451 15.1? Sorbents 453 15.2? Equilibrium Considerations 461 15.3? Kinetic and Transport Rate Considerations 470 15.4? Equipment for Sorption Operations 475 15.5? Slurry and Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems 479 15.6? Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption Systems 494 15.7? Ion-Exchange Cycle 502 15.8? Chromatographic Separations 503 Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study Questions, Exercises Answers to Selected Exercises 519 Index 521