Preface to Fourth Edition Note to the Instructor About the Companion Website Abbreviations Chapter 1 Phonetics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Phonetic Transcription 1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English 1.3.1 The vocal tract 1.3.2 Voicing 1.3.3 Places of articulation 1.3.4 Manners of articulation 1.3.5 Voice onset time 1.3.6 Vowels and diphthongs 1.4 Additional Sounds 1.4.1 States of the glottis 1.4.2 Places and manners of articulation 1.4.3 Secondary articulations 1.4.4 Consonants made with non-pulmonic airstream mechanisms 1.4.5 Vowels 1.5 Cardinal Vowels 1.6 Syllables and Suprasegmentals Summary Exercises Chapter 2 Phonology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution 2.2.1 Overlapping distribution and contrast 2.2.2 Complementary distribution 2.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini-demo 2.4 Free Variation 2.5 Morphophonology 2.6 Practical Uses of Phonological Analysis Summary Exercises Chapter 3 English Consonants 3.1 Stops 3.2 Fricatives 3.3 Affricates 3.4 Nasals 3.5 Approximants 3.6 Sociophonetic Variation Summary Exercises Chapter 4 English Vowels 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Vowel Set of American English 4.2.1 Phonetic properties of vowels 4.2.2 Tense?lax 4.2.3 Nasalized vowels 4.2.4 Length 4.2.5 Vowels before /@/ 4.2.6 Vowels before /l/ 4.3 Front Vowels 4.4 Central Vowels 4.5 Back Vowels 4.6 Diphthongs 4.7 Sociophonetic Variation 4.8 Non-US Varieties 4.9 Full Vowels?Reduced Vowels 4.10 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak) Forms of Function Words Summary Exercises Chapter 5 Acoustics of Vowels and Consonants 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Spectrographic analysis 5.3 Vowels and Diphthongs 5.4 Consonants 5.4.1 Obstruents 5.4.2 Sonorant consonants 5.5 Putting It Together 5.6. Waveform Analysis 5.7 Context 5.8 Practical Applications: Some Examples Summary Exercises Chapter 6 Syllables 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Number of Syllables 6.3 Sonority 6.4 Syllabification 6.5 English Syllable Phonotactics 6.5.1 Single onsets 6.5.2 Double onsets 6.5.3 Triple onsets 6.5.4 Codas 6.5.5 Double codas 6.5.6 Triple codas 6.6 Written Syllabification 6.7 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity 6.8 Practical Applications Summary Exercises Chapter 7 Stress and Intonation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Noun and Adjective Stress 7.3 Verb Stress 7.4 Secondary Stress 7.5 Affixes 7.5.1 Stress-bearing (attracting) suffixes 7.5.2 Stress-neutral suffixes 7.5.3 Stress-shifting (fixing) suffixes 7.6 Stress in Compounds 7.7 Differences between American and British English 7.8 Intonation 7.9 Variations among the Varieties Summary Exercises Chapter 8. Phonology of L1 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Pre-linguistic stage 8.3 Babbling to the first words 8.4 First 50 words 8.5 Systematic development and patterns of erroneous productions 8.5.1 Syllable structure processes 8.5.2 Substitution processes 8.5.3 Assimilation processes 8.5.4 Co-occurrence of processes 8.5.5 Chronology of processes 8.6 Optimality Theory 8.7 Implications for clinical treatment Summary Exercises Chapter 9 Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Spanish-English Mini Contrastive Analysis 9.3 Differential Treatment of Mismatches 9.3.1 Basic vs. derived context 9.3.2 Deflected contrast 9.3.3 Hypercontrast 9.4 Markedness 9.5 Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM) 9.6 Optimality Theory (OT) 9.7 Perception 9.8 Bilingual Phonology 9.9 Loan Phonology Summary Appendix Exercises Chapter 10 Spelling and Pronunciation 10.1 Irregularity of English Spelling 10.2 Phoneme?Grapheme Correspondences in English 10.2.1 Consonants 10.2.2 Vowels 10.3 Morphological Basis of English Spelling 10.4 American English vs. British English Summary Exercises Recommended Readings Appendix: List of Sound Files Glossary References Index