TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 0 A Very Brief History of Chemistry 0.1 Chemistry’s Important Concepts 0.2 Stars, Supernovas, and the Elements 0.3 Elements and the Earth 0.4 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 0.5 Internal Structure of the Atom Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 1 Scientific Measurements 1.1 Laws and Theories: The Scientific Method 1.2 Matter and Its Classifications 1.3 Physicochemical Properties 1.4 Measurement of Physical and Chemical Properties 1.5 Laboratory Measurements 1.6 Dimensional Analysis 1.7 Density and Specific Gravity Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 2 Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table 2.1 The Periodic Table 2.2 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 2.3 Molecules and Chemical Formulas 2.4 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 2.5 Ionic Compounds 2.6 Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds 2.7 Molecular Compounds 2.8 Nomenclature of Molecular Compounds Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 3 The Mole and Stoichiometry 3.1 The Mole and Avogadro’s Constant 3.2 The Mole, Formula Mass, and Stoichiometry 3.3 Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition 3.4 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas 3.5 Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations 3.6 Limiting Reactants 3.7 Theoretical Yield and Percentage Yield Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 4 Molecular View of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 4.1 Describing Aqueous Solutions 4.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 4.3 Balanced Equations for Ionic Reactions 4.4 Concept of Acids and Bases 4.5 Naming Acids and Bases 4.6 Double Replacement(Metathesis) Reactions 4.7 Concentration of Solution 4.8 Solution Stoichiometry 4.9 Titrations and Chemical Analysis Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 5 Oxidation?Reduction Reactions 5.1 Redox Reactions 5.2 Balancing Redox Equations 5.3 Acids as Oxidizing Agents 5.4 Redox Reactions of Metals 5.5 Molecular Oxygen as an Oxidizing Agent 5.6 Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 6 Energy and Chemical Change 6.1 Energy: The Ability to Do Work 6.2 Heat, Temperature, and Internal Energy 6.3 Measuring Heat 6.4 Energy of Chemical Reactions 6.5 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 6.6 Heat and Work 6.7 First Law of Thermodynamics 6.8 Heats of Reaction 6.9 Thermochemical Equations 6.10 Hess’s Law 6.11 Standard Heats of Reaction Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Problems Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 7 The Quantum Mechanical Atom 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 7.2 Line Spectra and the Rydberg Equation 7.3 The Bohr Theory 7.4 The Wave Mechanical Model 7.5 Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms 7.6 Electron Spin 7.7Energy Levels and Electron Configurations 7.8 Periodic Table and Ground State Electron Configurations 7.9 Atomic Orbitals: Shapes and Orientations 7.10 Periodic Table and Properties of the Elements Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking Chapter 8 The Basics of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Energy Requirements for Bond Formation 8.2 Ionic Bonding 8.3 Octet Rule and Electron Configurations of Ions 8.4 Lewis Symbols 8.5 Covalent Bonds 8.6 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity 8.7 Lewis Structures 8.8 Resonance Structures 8.9 Covalent Compounds of Carbon Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 9 Theories of Bonding and Structure 9.1 Five Basic Molecular Geometries 9.2 Molecular Shapes and the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model 9.3 Molecular Structure and Dipole Moments 9.4 Valence Bond Theory 9.5 Hybrid Orbitals and Molecular Geometry 9.6 Hybrid Orbitals and Multiple Bonds 9.7 Molecular Orbital Theory Basics 9.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals 9.9 Bonding in Solids 9.10 Bonding of the Allotropes of the Elements Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 10 Properties of Gases 10.1 Molecular description of Gases 10.2 Measurement of Pressure 10.3 Gas Laws 10.4 Stoichiometry Using Gas Volumes 10.5 Ideal Gas Law 10.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 10.8 Real Gases Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Problems Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 11 Intermolecular Attractions and the Properties of Liquids and Solids 11.1 Intermolecular Forces 11.2 Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties 11.3 Changes of State and Dynamic Equilibria 11.4 Vapor Pressures of Liquids and Solids 11.5 Boiling Points of Liquids 11.6 Energy and Changes of State 11.7 Phase Diagrams 11.8 Le Ch?telier’s Principle and Changes of State 11.9 Determining Heats of Vaporization 11.10 Structures of Crystalline Solids 11.11 Determining the Structure of Solids 11.12 Crystal Types and Physical Properties Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 12 Mixtures at the Molecular Level: Properties of Solutions 12.1 Intermolecular Forces and the Formation of Solutions 12.2 Heats of Solution 12.3 Solubility as a Function of Temperature 12.4 Henry’s Law 12.5 Concentration Units 12.6 Colligative Properties 12.7 Heterogeneous Mixtures Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Problems Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 13 Chemical Kinetics 13.1 Factors that Affect the Rate of Chemical Change 13.2 Measuring Reaction Rates 13.3 Rate Laws 13.4 Integrated Rate Laws 13.5 Molecular Basis of Collision Theory 13.6 Molecular Basis of Transition State Theory 13.7 Activation Energies 13.8 Mechanisms of Reactions 13.9 Catalysts Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 14 Chemical Equilibrium 14.1 Dynamic Equilibrium in Chemical Systems 14.2 Equilibrium Laws 14.3 Equilibrium Laws Based on Pressures or Concentrations 14.4 Equilibrium Laws for Heterogeneous Reactions 14.5 Position of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 14.6 Equilibrium and Le Ch?telier’s Principle 14.7 Calculating Equilibrium Constants 14.8 Using Equilibrium Constants to Calculate Concentrations Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 15 Acids and Bases: A Molecular Look 15.1 Brønsted?Lowry Acids and Bases 15.2 Strengths of Brønsted?Lowry Acids and Bases 15.3 Periodic Trends in the Strengths of Acids 15.4 Lewis Acids and Bases 15.5 Acid?Base Properties of Elements and Their Oxides 15.6 Advanced Ceramics and Acid?Base Chemistry Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 16 Acid?Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions 16.1 Water, pH, and “p” Notation 16.2 pH of Strong Acid and Base Solutions 16.3 Ionization Constants, Ka and Kb 16.4 Determining Ka and Kb Values 16.5 pH of Weak Acid and Weak Base Solutions 16.6 Acid?Base Properties of Salt Solutions 16.7 Buffer Solution 16.8 Polyprotic Acids 16.9 Acid?Base Titrations Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 17 Solubility and Simultaneous Equilibria 17.1 Equilibria in Solutions of Slightly Soluble Salts 17.2 Solubility of Basic Salts 17.3 Equilibria in Solutions of Metal Oxides and Sulfides 17.4 Selective Precipitation 17.5 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 17.6 Complexation and Solubility Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 18 Thermodynamics 18.1 First Law of Thermodynamics 18.2 Spontaneous Change 18.3 Entropy 18.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 18.5 Third Law of Thermodynamics 18.6 Standard Free Energy Change, ΔG° 18.7 Maximum Work and ΔG 18.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium 18.9 Equilibrium Constants and ΔG° 18.10 Bond Energies Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Questions Exercises in Critical Thinking CHAPTER 19 Electrochemistry 19.1 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells 19.2 Cell Potentials 19.3 Utilizing Standard Reduction Potentials 19.4 E°cell and ΔG° 19.5 Cell Potentials and Concentrations 19.6 Electricity 19.7 Electrolytic Cells 19.8 Electrolysis Stoichiometry 19.9 Practical Applications of Electrolysis Summary Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems Exercises in Critical Thinking 20 Nuclear Reactions and Their Role in Chemistry 20.1 Conservation of Mass and Energy 20.2 Nuclear Binding Energy 20.3 Radioactivity 20.4 Band of Stability 20.5 Transmutation 20.6 Measuring Radioactivity 20.7 Medical and Analytical Applications of Radionuclides 20.8 Nuclear Fission and Fusion Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 21 Metal Complexes 21.1 Complex Ions 21.2 Metal Complex Nomenclature 21.3 Coordination Number and Structure 21.4 Isomers of Metal Complexes 21.5 Bonding in Metal Complexes 21.6 Biological Functions of Metal Ions Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 22 Organic Compounds, Polymers, and Biochemicals 22.1 Organic Structures and Functional Groups 22.2 Hydrocarbons: Structure, Nomenclature and Reactions 22.3 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen 22.4 Organic Derivatives of Ammonia 22.5 Organic Polymers 22.6 Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins 22.7 Nucleic Acids, DNA, and RNA Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions Review Problems Additional Exercises Multi-Concept Problems