| Acknowledgments | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. xiii |
| The Structure of DNA and the Variability of the Human DNA Sequence | p. 1 |
| You Are Out of Your Field, But Not Out of Your Depth | p. 1 |
| Markers, Alleles, Genotypes and Profiles | p. 2 |
| The Two Sources of DNA in Human Cells | p. 5 |
| The Structure of DNA and RNA | p. 6 |
| Variability Is the Rule, Not the Exception | p. 11 |
| Polymorphisms Commonly Used for Forensic Testing | p. 15 |
| Using the DNA Profile to Identify an Unknown Perpetrator | p. 24 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 25 |
| The Molecular Biological Basis of Forensic DNA Tests | p. 27 |
| Extraction and Quantification of DNA | p. 27 |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Tests | p. 32 |
| Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Testing | p. 50 |
| Direct Sequencing | p. 51 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 53 |
| Quality Control, Quality Assurance and Sources of Uncertainty in the Data | p. 55 |
| Laboratory Accreditation, Personnel Certification and Proficiency Testing | p. 55 |
| Validation Studies | p. 59 |
| The Inevitable Nemeses: Suboptimal Samples and Human Error | p. 61 |
| Allele Dropout Due to Degradation, Preferential Amplification and Stochastic Effects | p. 70 |
| Artifacts Inherent in STR Analyses | p. 75 |
| Hybridization Specificity in Dot-Blot Tests | p. 87 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 88 |
| Population Genetics, Probability Calculations and the Proper Interpretation of the Evidence | p. 91 |
| The Common Logical Fallacies | p. 91 |
| Databanks and Databases | p. 99 |
| Allele Frequencies, Genotype Probabilities and the Product Rule for Independent Events | p. 106 |
| The Principles of Population Genetics that Impact Forensic DNA Calculations | p. 113 |
| Applying the Product Rule-Compensating for Population Substructure and Possible Allele Dropout | p. 119 |
| The Likelihood Ratio (LR) Allows the Analyst to Compare the Strength of Competing Hypotheses | p. 135 |
| The Application of Bayes' Theorem to Paternity Disputes | p. 142 |
| Recommended Procedure for Analyzing Mixed Samples | p. 147 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 167 |
| Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analyses | p. 171 |
| The mtDNA Molecule-Abundant and Durable but Less Variable than nDNA | p. 171 |
| Laboratory Analysis of mtDNA Haplotypes | p. 174 |
| Matrilineal Inheritance and a Lack of Recombination | p. 178 |
| A High Mutation Rate Leads to Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy | p. 180 |
| Statistical Analysis of mtDNA Haplotype Data | p. 187 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 193 |
| Y Chromosome Analyses | p. 197 |
| Y Chromosome Evolution and its Consequences for Forensic Analyses | p. 197 |
| Laboratory Analysis of Y Chromosome Haplotypes | p. 204 |
| Statistical Analysis of Y Chromosome Haplotypes | p. 207 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 212 |
| DNA in Court | p. 215 |
| The Evolution of Standards for Admissibility of Experts and Evidence | p. 215 |
| The Ongoing Controversy Regarding Laboratory Error Rates | p. 225 |
| Counsels' Obligations Regarding Discovery | p. 228 |
| Expert Witnesses | p. 232 |
| The Durability of DNA Presents Problems for Statutes of Limitation | p. 237 |
| Rape Shield Laws May Limit the Use of DNA Evidence | p. 238 |
| Judges' and Jurors' Perceptions of DNA Evidence | p. 239 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 253 |
| Arguing for the Prosecution | p. 255 |
| Obtaining DNA Samples | p. 255 |
| DNA in the Courtroom: The Essentials of the Prosecution's Presentation | p. 279 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 312 |
| Arguing for the Defense | p. 313 |
| The Defense's Choice of Strategy | p. 313 |
| Elements of a Competent Defense | p. 326 |
| When the Defendant Has Been Identified by a Databank Search | p. 362 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 367 |
| Postconviction DNA Testing | p. 369 |
| DNA has the Power to Exonerate the Innocent | p. 369 |
| Avenues for Relief | p. 370 |
| There Are Many Procedural Obstacles | p. 373 |
| New Evidence May Justify a New Theory of the Case | p. 379 |
| Accessing the Necessary Samples | p. 380 |
| Know the Specific Provisions of the Controlling Statute | p. 383 |
| References and Additional Readings | p. 386 |
| Using the Chi-Square Test to Determine if a Population Conforms to HWE Expectations | p. 389 |
| How the RMP, Prior Odds of Guilt, and the PFP Influence the Posterior Odds of Guilt (POG) | p. 393 |
| Paternity Index (PI) Calculations for Different Combinations of Maternal, Child and Alleged Father Genotypes | p. 397 |
| A Sample Consent Form to Collect an Oral Swab, Which Allows the Profile Obtained to Be Entered Into a Databank for Use in Additional Investigations | p. 399 |
| Doing Your Own Research: Useful References, Websites and Strategies for Finding Current Information | p. 401 |
| Glossary of Key Terms | p. 411 |
| Index | p. 423 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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