TABLE OF CONTENTS Each chapter concludes with "Summary" and "References." Preface. Contributors and Affiliations. 1. Language and Reading: Convergence and Divergence. Alan G. Kamhi & Hugh W. Catts. Defining Language. Defining Reading. Models of Spoken and Written Language Comprehension. Comprehending Spoken and Written Language. Differences between Oral and Written Language. Basic Factors in Reading and Language Development. 2. Reading Development. Alan G. Kamhi & Hugh W. Catts. Emergent Literacy Period (Birth-Kindergarten). The Development of Word Recognition Skills. The Development of Reading Comprehension. 3. Defining Reading Disabilities. Alan G. Kamhi & Hugh W. Catts. Historical Basis of Reading Disabilities. Terminology. Prevalence. Defining Reading Disability. 4.Classification of Reading Disabilities. Alan G. Kamhi & Hugh W. Catts. Subtypes Based on Comprehension versus Word Recognition Problems. Subtypes Based on Nature of Word Recognition Deficits. Combining Subtypes in Research and Practice. 5. Causes of Reading Disabilities. Alan G. Kamhi & Hugh W. Catts. Extrinsic Causes of Reading Disabilities. Intrinsic Causes of Reading Disabilities. 6. Assessment and Instruction for Phonemic Awareness and Word Recognition Skills. Joseph K. Torgeson. Assessment and Instruction in Phonemic Awareness. Assessment and Instruction of Word Recognition. Issues for Future Research and Development. 7. Assessing and Remediating Text Comprehension Problems. Carol E. Westby. Comprehending Narrative and Expository Texts. Assessing Language and Cognitive Skills for Text Comprehension. Facilitating Text Comprehension. Children's Material. Appendix A: Cinderella Variants. 8. Learning to Write. Cheryl M. Scott. A Framework for Writing. Learning to Write. Writing Problems of Children and Adolescents with Reading Disabilities. 9. Assessing and Remediating Text Comprehension Problems. Carol E. Westby & Patricia S. Clauser. Assessing Student Writers. Facilitating Writing. Computer Programs. Appendix A: Example Writing Prompts. Appendix B: Portfolio Writing Assessment. Appendix C: Analytic Scoring Guidelines. Appendix D: Analytic Scoring Guide for Informational Writing. Appendix E: Predicate Transformations Reflecting Landscape of Consciousness. Appendix F: Coding Chart for Writing Interview. Appendix G: The Three Little Peccaries and the Big Bad Jaguar. Index.