Preface Professional Advisory Board for the Second Edition Professional Advisory Board for the First Edition 1 The Design and Construction Processes 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Project Participants 1-3 The Professional?Client Relationship and the Code of Ethics 1-4 Responsible Care 1-5 Overall Design Process 1-6 Overall Construction Process 1-7 Hints from the Field 1-8 Chapter Review 1-9 Problems 1-10 Discussion Questions 1-11 References 2 General Water Supply Design Considerations 2-1 Water Demand 2-2 Water Source Evaluation 2-3 Water Quality 2-4 Evaluation of Process Options 2-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 2-6 Plant Location 2-7 Chapter Review 2-8 Problems 2-9 Discussion Questions 2-10 References 3 Intake Structures 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Design Elements 3-3 Design Criteria 3-4 Operational Considerations 3-5 Operation and Maintenance 3-6 Chapter Review 3-7 Problems 3-8 Discussion Questions 3-9 References 4 Wells 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Design Elements 4-3 Well Protection 4-4 Well Design 4-5 Chapter Review 4-6 Problems 4-7 Discussion Questions 4-8 References 5 Chemical Handling and Storage 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Redundancy and Capacity Provisions 5-3 Delivery, Handling, and Storage 5-4 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems 5-5 Chemical Compatibility 5-6 Materials Compatibility 5-7 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions 5-8 Operation and Maintenance 5-9 Chapter Review 5-10 Problems 5-11 Discussion Questions 5-12 References 6 Coagulation and Flocculation 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Characteristics of Particles 6-3 Coagulation Theory 6-4 Coagulation Practice 6-5 Flocculation Theory 6-6 Mixing Theory 6-7 Mixing Practice 6-8 Operation and Maintenance 6-9 Chapter Review 6-10 Problems 6-11 Discussion Questions 6-12 References 7 Lime-Soda Softening 7-1 Hardness 7-2 Lime-Soda Softening 7-3 Softening Processes 7-4 Chemical Dosages Based on Stoichiometry 7-5 Concurrent Removal of Other Constituents 7-6 Process Configurations and Design Criteria 7-7 Operation and Maintenance 7-8 Stabilization 7-9 Chapter Review 7-10 Problems 7-11 Discussion Questions 7-12 References 8 Ion Exchange 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Fundamental Concepts of Ion Exchange 8-3 Process Operation 8-4 Ion Exchange Practice 8-5 Operation and Maintenance 8-6 Chapter Review 8-7 Problems 8-8 Discussion Question 8-9 References 9 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Theory 9-3 Properties of RO and NF Membranes 9-4 RO and NF Practice 9-5 Electrodialysis 9-6 Chapter Review 9-7 Problems 9-8 Discussion Question 9-9 References 10 Sedimentation 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Sedimentation Theory 10-3 Sedimentation Practice 10-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 10-5 Operation and Maintenance 10-6 Chapter Review 10-7 Problems 10-8 Discussion Questions 10-9 References 11 Granular Filtration 11-1 Introduction 11-2 An Overview of the Filtration Process 11-3 Filter Media Characteristics 11-4 Granular Filtration Theory 11-5 Theory of Granular Filter Hydraulics 11-6 Granular Filtration Practice 11-7 Operation and Maintenance 11-8 Chapter Review 11-9 Problems 11-10 Discussion Questions 11-11 References 12 Membrane Filtration 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Membrane Filtration Theory 12-3 Properties of MF and UF Membranes 12-4 MF and UF Practice 12-5 Chapter Review 12-6 Problems 12-7 Discussion Questions 12-8 References 13 Disinfection, Lead and Copper Rule, Emergency Disinfection, and Fluoridation 13-1 Introduction 13-2 Disinfection 13-3 Corrosion Control 13-4 Contact Facilities 13-5 Emergency Disinfection 13-6 Fluoridation 13-7 Operation and Maintenance 13-8 Chapter Review 13-9 Problems 13-10 Discussion Questions 13-11 References 14 Removal of Specific Constituents 14-1 Introduction 14-2 Arsenic 14-3 Carbon Dioxide 14-4 Fluoride 14-5 Iron and Manganese 14-6 Nitrate 14-7 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) 14-8 Perchlorate 14-9 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 14-10 Radionuclides 14-11 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 14-12 Taste and Odor (T&O) 14-13 Chapter Review 14-14 Problems 14-15 Discussion Questions 580 14-16 References 15 Water Plant Residuals Management 15-1 Introduction 15-2 Solids Computations 15-3 Solids Production and Characteristics 15-4 Minimization of Residuals Generation 15-5 Recovery of Treatment Chemicals 15-6 Residuals Conveyance 15-7 Management of Sludges 15-8 Management of Liquid Residuals 15-9 Disposal of Specific Residual Constituents 15-10 Ultimate Disposal 15-11 Chapter Review 15-12 Problems 15-13 Discussion Questions 15-14 References 16 Drinking Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 16-1 Introduction 16-2 Process Selection 16-3 Process Integration 16-4 Security 16-5 Chapter Review 16-6 Problems 16-7 Discussion Questions 16-8 References 17 Storage and Distribution Systems 17-1 Introduction 17-2 Demand Estimates 17-3 Service Pressures 17-4 Pipe Network Design 17-5 Storage Tank Design 17-6 Pump Selection 17-7 Network Analysis 17-8 Sanitary Protection 17-9 Chapter Review 17-10 Problems 17-11 Discussion Questions 17-12 References 18 General Wastewater Collection and Treatment Design Considerations 18-1 Wastewater Sources and Flow Rates 18-2 Wastewater Characteristics 18-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 18-4 Sludge Disposal Regulations 18-5 Plant Sizing and Layout 18-6 Plant Location 18-7 Chapter Review 18-8 Problems 18-9 Discussion Questions 18-10 References 19 Sanitary Sewer Design 19-1 Introduction 19-2 Predesign Activities 19-3 Gravity Sewer Collection System Design 19-4 Alternative Sewers 19-5 Pump Station Design 19-6 Operation and Maintenance 19-7 Economic and Energy Considerations 19-8 Sewer Safety 19-9 Chapter Review 19-10 Problems 19-11 Discussion Questions 19-12 References 20 Headworks and Preliminary Treatment 20-1 Introduction 20-2 Pump Station 20-3 Flow Measurement 20-4 Bar Racks and Screens 20-5 Coarse Solids Reduction 20-6 Grit Removal 20-7 Flow Equalization 20-8 Alternative Preliminary Process Arrangements 20-9 Chapter Review 20-10 Problems 20-11 Discussion Questions 20-12 References 21 Primary Treatment 21-1 Introduction 21-2 Sedimentation Theory 21-3 Sedimentation Practice 21-4 Sedimentation Basin Design 21-5 Other Primary Treatment Alternatives 21-6 Chapter Review 21-7 Problems 21-8 References 22 Wastewater Microbiology 22-1 Introduction 22-2 Role of Microorganisms 22-3 Classification of Microorganisms 22-4 Microbial Biochemistry 22-5 Population Dynamics 22-6 Decomposition of Waste 22-7 Microbiology of Secondary Treatment Unit Processes 22-8 Operation and Maintenance 22-9 Chapter Review 22-10 Problems 22-11 Discussion Questions 22-12 References 23 Secondary Treatment by Suspended Growth Biological Processes 23-1 Introduction 23-2 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification 23-3 Processes for Denitrification 23-4 Processes for Phosphorus Removal 23-5 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation 23-6 Suspended Growth Design Principles 23-7 Suspended Growth Design Practice 23-8 Membrane Bioreactor Design Practice 23-9 Chapter Review 23-10 Problems 23-11 Discussion Questions 23-12 References 24 Secondary Treatment by Attached Growth and Hybrid Biological Processes 24-1 Introduction 24-2 Attached Growth Processes 24-3 Attached Growth Design Principles 24-4 Attached Growth Design Practice 24-5 Hybrid Processes 24-6 Chapter Review 24-7 Problems 24-8 References 25 Secondary Settling, Disinfection, and Postaeration 25-1 Introduction 25-2 Secondary Settling 25-3 Disinfection 25-4 Postaeration 25-5 Chapter Review 25-6 Problems 25-7 Discussion Questions 25-8 References 26 Tertiary Treatment 26-1 Introduction 26-2 Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus 26-3 Granular Filtration 26-4 Membrane Filtration 26-5 Carbon Adsorption 26-6 Advanced Oxidation Processes 26-7 Chapter Review 26-8 Problems 26-9 References 27 Wastewater Plant Residuals Management 27-1 Sludge Handling Alternatives 27-2 Sources and Characteristics of Solids and Biosolids 27-3 Solids Computations 27-4 Grit Handling and Sludge Pumping 27-5 Management of Solids 27-6 Storage and Thickening of Sludges 27-7 Alkaline Stabilization 27-8 Aerobic Digestion 27-9 Anaerobic Digestion 27-10 Sludge Conditioning 27-11 Dewatering 27-12 Alternative Disposal Techniques 27-13 Land Application of Biosolids 27-14 Chapter Review 27-15 Problems 27-16 References 28 Clean Water Plant Process Selection and Integration 28-1 Introduction 28-2 Process Selection 28-3 Simulation Modeling 28-4 Process Integration 28-5 Chapter Review 28-6 Problems 28-7 References 29 Direct and Indirect Potable Reuse 29-1 Introduction 29-2 Water Quality Standards 29-3 Basic Design Principles 29-4 Design Practice 29-5 Case Studies: Indirect Potable Reuse 29-6 Case Studies: Direct Potable Reuse 29-7 Chapter Review 29-8 References Appendix A Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals Appendix B U.S. Standard Sieve Sizes Appendix C Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Data Appendix D U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ct Values for Disinfectants Index