SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 4 Embryology and Fetal Development of Face and Neck Roya Sohaey, MD 14 TMJ Embryology Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD 20 Upper Respiratory Tract Embryology Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD 26 TMJ Effect on Facial Growth Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 36 TMJ Effect on Upper Respiratory Tract Morphology Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc FUNCTION AND BIOMECHANICS 40 Occlusion and Orthopedic Stability Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Domingo MartIn, MD, DDS, and Guillermo Ochoa, BDS 48 Levers and Kinesiology of the Masticatory System Alberto Canabez, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 52 Jaw Function, Dysfunction, and TMJ Biomechanics Luigi M. Gallo, MEng, PhD 58 4D Mandibular Movements Domingo MartIn, MD, DDS and Alberto Canabez, MD 64 Tensegrity and the Upper Respiratory Tract Jay Harris Levy, DDS 72 Tensegrity and the TMJ/AOJ Posture Jay Harris Levy, DDS 80 The Tricentric Concept of Occlusion Mariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 88 Structure of Mandibular Condyle and Related TMJ Biomechanics Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD 92 Structure and Function of TMJ Disc and Disc Attachments Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD 96 Modeling and Remodeling of TMJ and Mandible Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 112 Biodynamics of Upper Respiratory Tract Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD SECTION 2: ANATOMYTMJ 118 TMJ Osseous Components Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 130 TMJ Disc/Fibrocartilage Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 136 TMJ Capsule and Ligaments Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 140 TMJ Histology and Synovial Fluid Composition Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 144 TMJ Innervation Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD 146 TMJ Vasculature Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc MUSCLES 150 Muscles of Mastication Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD 152 Facial Muscles and Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 166 Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD 178 Tongue H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD 182 Posterior Cervical Muscles Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc JAWS 186 Mandible Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 192 Maxilla Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 200 Teeth Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc TEMPORAL BONE 206 Temporal Bone H. Ric Harnsberger, MD UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 222 Sinonasal Overview Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 236 Ostiomeatal Unit Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 240 Frontal Recess and Related Air Cells Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 250 Nasopharynx and Oropharynx H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 256 Hypopharynx Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR SKULL BASE 266 Skull Base Overview H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 272 Anterior Skull Base H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 278 Central Skull Base H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 284 Posterior Skull Base H. Ric Harnsberger, MD CRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO TMJ 294 Cranial Nerves Overview H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 306 Trigeminal Nerve (CNV) H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 318 Facial Nerve (CNVII) H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 326 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX) H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 332 Vagus Nerve (CNX) H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 338 Accessory Nerve (CNXI) H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 342 Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII) H. Ric Harnsberger, MD CERVICAL SPINE AND OTHERS 348 Cervical Spine Jeffrey S. Ross, MD 366 Craniocervical Junction H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 376 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid Ligament Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 380 Hyoid Bone Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD SECTION 3: MODALITIES USED FOR TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IMAGING INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 388 Imaging Decision Making Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD HARD TISSUE IMAGING 390 Plain Film Imaging of TMJ Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 396 Plain Film Imaging of Upper Respiratory Tract Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 398 Arthrography Richard W. Katzberg, MD 400 Introduction to CBCT Imaging Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS and Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. 408 CBCT Analysis of TMJ Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 414 CBCT Analysis of Upper Respiratory Tract Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 424 Radiation Dose in CBCT Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS 428 Introduction to MDCT Imaging Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 434 MCDT Image Acquisition and Processing for TMJ and Airway Analysis Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD SOFT TISSUE IMAGING 442 Introduction to MR Imaging Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc, and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA 450 Dynamic MR of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Secil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Tugrul Ormeci, MD, MSc, PhD 454 Quantitative MR of Cartilage and Implications for TMJ Imaging Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, and Guerkan Unsal, DDS, PhD 460 Introduction to US Imaging Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc 468 US of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Guerkan Unsal, DDS, PhD 474 Arthroscopy Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD SECTION 4: TMJ DIAGNOSES CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TMD 482 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of TMD to Radiographic Findings Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 494 Functional Disorders of Muscles Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 500 Intracapsular Disorders of TMJ Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc CONGENITAL CONDITIONS 508 Craniofacial Malformations and Syndromes Affecting TMJ Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Dann Martin, MD, MS 520 Hemifacial Microsomia David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 524 Pierre Robin Sequence Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 528 Treacher Collins Syndrome Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS 530 Condylar Hypoplasia David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 534 Condylar Hyperplasia David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 540 Coronoid Hyperplasia Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 544 Hemimandibular Elongation David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 548 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne) Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 550 Foramen Tympanicum H. Ric Harnsberger, MD TRAUMA 552 TMJ Fracture, Adult and Neonatal David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 558 TMJ Dislocation C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 560 Bifid Condyle C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 564 Osteochondritis Dissecans David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS 566 Rheumatoid Arthritis David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 572 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 578 Septic Arthritis Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 582 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 584 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS 588 Degenerative Joint Disease David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 592 Idiopathic Condylar Resorption David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 598 Synovial Cyst David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD 600 TMJ Ganglion Cyst Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD DISC DERANGEMENT CONDITIONS 602 MR Analysis of Normal TMJ Disc Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 606 Fine Structural Details of Disc and Posterior Attachment Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 612 Overview of Disc Displacements Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS 618 Disc Displacement With Reduction Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS 624 Disc Displacement Without Reduction Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS 630 Joint Fluid and Marrow Alterations Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS 636 Adhesions David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 638 US of TMJ Internal Derangement Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Guerkan Unsal, DDS, PhD ACQUIRED CONDITIONS 644 Dual Bite David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 650 Posterior Tooth Fulcrum Formation Alberto Canabez, MD, Domingo MartIn, MD, DDS, and Adina Sirbu, DMD, PhD 654 Fibrous Ankylosis David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 656 Bony Ankylosis C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 658 Osteoradionecrosis Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS 662 Primary Synovial Chondromatosis C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 666 Secondary Synovial Chondromatosis David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 668 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD BENIGN NEOPLASMS 672 Osteochondroma David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 678 Osteoma Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS 680 Chondrosarcoma C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 684 Osteosarcoma C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD 686 Metastasis C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS MISCELLANEOUS 688 Simple Bone Cyst C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS 690 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 694 Fibrous Dysplasia C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc OCCLUSAL STRESS-RELATED CONDITIONS 698 Attrition Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 700 Abfraction Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 701 Hypercementosis Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 702 Cemental Fractures Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 704 Alveolar Process Exostosis Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 706 Torus Mandibularis Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS 708 Torus Palatinus Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS SECTION 5: TMJ DISORDER MIMICS ORAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING/MIMICKING TMD 712 Odontogenic Infection of Pulpal Origin Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 716 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Infections Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR 720 Osteomyelitis of Jaw Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 724 Perineural Tumor Spread Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD TMD AND TEMPORAL BONE ABNORMALITIES 728 Temporal Bone and Cervical Disorders Mimicking TMD Ben J. Balough, MD 736 Temporal Bone Anatomy and Imaging Issues Karen L. Salzman, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 742 EAC-Acquired Cholesteatoma Nicholas A. Koontz, MD 743 Necrotizing External Otitis Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 744 Keratosis Obturans Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 745 EAC Osteoma Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 746 Medial Canal Fibrosis Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 747 EAC Basal Cell Carcinoma Nayela Keen, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J. Balough, MD 748 EAC Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Hilda E. Stambuk, MD 749 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB 750 Acute Otomastoiditis With Coalescent Otomastoiditis H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB 751 Labyrinthitis Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Troy A. Hutchins, MD 752 Pars Flaccida Cholesteatoma Nicholas A. Koontz, MD 753 Temporal Bone Fibrous Dysplasia Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 754 Temporal Bone Fractures Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD, Troy A. Hutchins, MD, and Bradley Strong, MD 756 Temporal Bone Perineural Parotid Malignancy Hilda E. Stambuk, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J. Balough, MD CERVICAL SPINE ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO TMD OR SDB 758 Degenerative Arthritis of CVJ Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 762 Cervical Spondylosis Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 763 Cervical Facet Arthropathy Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 764 Ankylosing Spondylitis Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 766 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cervical Spine Julia R. Crim, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 770 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Cervical Spine Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 771 Ligamentous Injury Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 772 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 773 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 774 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition, Cervical Spine Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 775 Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD MASTICATOR SPACE CONDITIONS 776 Masticator Space Overview Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 780 Pterygoid Venous Plexus Asymmetry Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR 781 Benign Masticator Muscle Hypertrophy Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 782 CNV3 Motor Denervation Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD 784 Masticator Space Abscess Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 786 Masticator Space CNV3 Schwannoma Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 787 Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural Tumor Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 788 Masticator Space Chondrosarcoma Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 790 Masticator Space Sarcoma Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 792 Bell Palsy H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD 793 Hemifacial Spasm H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD 794 Trigeminal Neuralgia H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD SECTION 6: SDB-RELATED UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DIAGNOSES CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SDB 798 Classification of SDB Disorders Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Secil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Ulas Oz, DDs, PhD 800 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of SDB Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD 806 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of SDB to Radiographic Findings Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD, Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 808 Nasal Risk Factors for SDB Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 810 Paranasal Sinus Risk Factors for SDB Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 812 Nasopharyngeal Risk Factors for SDB Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 814 Oropharyngeal Risk Factors for SDB Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 816 Cervical Spine-Related Risk Factors for SDB Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD CONGENITAL CONDITIONS THAT CARRY RISK FOR SDB 818 Cleft Lip and Palate Roya Sohaey, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 822 Craniosynostoses (Crouzon) Kevin R. Moore, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 824 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Kara G. Gill, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 826 Klippel-Feil Spectrum Kevin R. Moore, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD 830 Mucopolysaccharidosis Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 831 CHARGE Syndrome William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB 832 Cherubism Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc SINONASAL COMPLEX ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY 834 Nasal Cycle, Normal Physiology Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, SINONASAL 836 Deviated Nasal Septum Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) 838 Concha Bullosa Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) 840 Accessory Ostia Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) 842 Sinus Hypoplasia/Aplasia Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) 846 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 847 Choanal Atresia Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 848 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis Bernadette L. Koch, MD 849 Nasal Glioma Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 850 Nasal Dermal Sinus Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 851 Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 852 Upper Airway Infantile Hemangioma Bernadette L. Koch, MD 853 Skull Base CSF Leak Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, SINONASAL 854 Acute Rhinosinusitis Nicholas A. Koontz, MD 858 Chronic Rhinosinusitis Philip R. Chapman, MD 859 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD 860 Odontogenic Sinusitis Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) 862 Sinus Mycetoma Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD 863 Invasive Fungal Sinusitis Nicholas A. Koontz, MD 864 Sinonasal Polyposis Nicholas A. Koontz, MD 865 Solitary Sinonasal Polyp Philip R. Chapman, MD 866 Sinonasal Mucocele Philip R. Chapman, MD 870 Mucus Retention Pseudocyst Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) 872 Sinonasal Organized Hematoma Philip R. Chapman, MD 873 Silent Sinus Syndrome Philip R. Chapman, MD 874 Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener) Philip R. Chapman, MD 875 Nasal Cocaine Necrosis Philip R. Chapman, MD BENIGN LESIONS, SINONASAL 876 Sinonasal Fibrous Dysplasia Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH 877 Sinonasal Osteoma Daniel E. Meltzer, MD 878 Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Michelle A. Michel, MD 879 Juvenile Angiofibroma Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 880 Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH 881 Sinonasal Hemangioma Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH 882 Sinonasal Nerve Sheath Tumor Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH 883 Sinonasal Benign Mixed Tumor Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH MALIGNANT LESIONS, SINONASAL 884 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH 888 Esthesioneuroblastoma Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH 889 Sinonasal Melanoma Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH 890 Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma Blair A. Winegar, MD 891 Sinonasal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH 892 Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Blair A. Winegar, MD 893 Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Blair A. Winegar, MD 894 Sinonasal Chondrosarcoma Blair A. Winegar, MD 895 Sinonasal Osteosarcoma Blair A. Winegar, MD 896 Rhabdomyosarcoma Bernadette L. Koch, MD 897 Skull Base Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR NASOPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, NASOPHARYNX 898 Tornwaldt Cyst Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR 899 Fossa Navicularis Magna H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Sara Strauss, MD 900 Persistent Craniopharyngeal Canal C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, NASOPHARYNX 901 Suppurative Adenopathy of Retropharyngeal Space Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 902 Adenoid Vegetation/Hypertrophy Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD BENIGN LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX 906 Benign Mixed Tumor of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR 907 Plexiform Neurofibroma of Head and Neck Daniel E. Meltzer, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD 908 Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR 909 Sinus Histiocytosis (Rosai-Dorfman) of Head and Neck H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Kathryn E. Dean, MD 910 Invasive Pituitary Macroadenoma C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR MALIGNANT LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX 911 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Aparna Singhal, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD 912 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR 913 Extraosseous Chordoma Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 914 Skull Base Plasmacytoma Philip R. Chapman, MD OROPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, OROPHARYNX 915 Congenital Vallecular Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 916 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Bernadette L. Koch, MD 917 Lingual Thyroid Daniel E. Meltzer, MD INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, OROPHARYNX 918 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess Bernadette L. Koch, MD 919 Retention Cyst of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 920 Tonsillar Inflammation Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 921 Tonsillar/Peritonsillar Abscess Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD BENIGN LESIONS, OROPHARYNX 922 Parotid Benign Mixed Tumor Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD 923 Carotid Space Schwannoma Karen L. Salzman, MD 924 Parapharyngeal Space Benign Mixed Tumor Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD MALIGNANT LESIONS, OROPHARYNX 925 Parotid Malignant Mixed Tumor Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD 926 Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Retropharyngeal Space Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD 927 Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR 928 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Head and Neck Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR 929 Base of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Aparna Singhal, MD 930 Palatine Tonsil Squamous Cell Carcinoma Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD 931 Nodal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Retropharyngeal Space Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD 932 Soft Palate Squamous Cell Carcinoma Kathryn E. Dean, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD 934 HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MD SECTION 7: TMJ RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES CONDYLAR POSITION 938 Anterior Condylar Position David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 944 Posterior Condylar Position David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 950 Superior Condylar Position David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 956 Inferior Condylar Position David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc CHANGES IN CONDYLAR AND CORONOID SIZE 962 Small Condyle C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 968 Large Condyle C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc 972 Large Coronoid Process Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc CONDYLAR EROSION 974 Well-Defined Erosion David Hatcher, DDS, MSc 980 Poorly Defined Erosion David Hatcher, DDS, MSc CHANGES IN TMJ DENSITY 984 TMJ Low-Density Entities C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) 986 TMJ High-Density Entities C. Grace Petrikowski, D