1 The Nature of Probability and Statistics 1.1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1.2 Variables and Types of Data 1.3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques 1.4 Design Experimental Studies 1.5 Computers and Calculators 2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs 2.1 Organizing Data 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons,and Ogives 2.3 Other Types of Graphs 3 Data Description 3.1 Measures of CentralTendency 3.2 Measures of Variation 3.3 Measures of Position 3.4 Exploratory Data Analysis 4 Probability and Counting Rules 4.1 Sample Space and Probability 4.2 The Addition Rules for Probability 4.3 The Multiplication Rules and ConditionalProbability 4.4 Counting Rules 4.5 Probability and Counting Rules 5 Discrete Probability Distributions 5.1 Probability Distributions 5.2 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation,and Expectation 5.3 The Binomial Distribution 5.4 Other Types of Distributions (Optional) 6 The Normal Distribution 6.1 Normal Distributions 6.2 Applications of the NormalDistribution 6.3 The Central Limit Theorem 6.4 The Normal Approximation to the BinomialDistribution 7 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size 7.1 Confidence Intervals 7.2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When Is Unknown 7.3 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for Proportions 7.4 Confidence Intervals for Variances and Standard Deviations 8 Hypothesis Testing 8.1 Steps in Hypothesis Testing-Traditional Method 8.2 z Test for a Mean 8.3 t Test for a Mean 8.4 z Test for a Proportion 8.5 ?2 Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation 8.6 Additional Topics Regarding Hypothesis Testing 9 Testing the Difference Between Two Means, Two Proportions and Two Variances, 9.1 Testing the Difference Between Two Parameters 9.2 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Using the z Test 9.3 Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples: Using the t Test 9.4 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Dependent Samples 9.5 Testing the Difference Between Proportions 9.6 Testing the Difference Between Two Variances 10 Correlation and Regression 10.1 Scatter Plots and Correlation 10.2 Regression 10.3 Coefficient of Determination and Standard Error of the Estimate 10.4 Multiple Regression (Optional) 11 Other Chi-Square Tests 11.1 Test for Goodness of Fit 11.2 Tests Using Contingency Tables 12 Analysis of Variance 12.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance 12.2 The Scheffe Test and the Tukey Test 12.3 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 13 Nonparametric Statistics 13.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods 13.2 The Sign Test 13.3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test 13.4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 13.5 The Kruskal-Wallis Test 13.6 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient and the Runs Test 14 Sampling and Simulation 14.1 Common Sampling Techniques 14.2 Surveys and Questionnaire Design 14.3 Simulation Techniques and the Monte Carlo Method 14.4 Big Data