하우사 민족 ································································································1 요루바 민족 ································································································7 하우사 민담 ······························································································13 ‘세상’이라는 이름의 노예 이야기 ·································································15 어떻게 형제들과 자매들이 서로 다투고 증오하게 되었나 ································19 장수말벌은 왜 잘록한 허리를 가지게 되었나 ··················································25 영양은 왜 눈 밑에 눈물 자국이 나게 되었나 ·················································27 어떻게 채찍과 마법의 숟가락이 사람들을 따라다니게 되었나 ···························29 족장 아버지의 장례를 치른 아들들, 거미의 기원 ············································40 악마의 씨앗을 뿌리는 자는 자기 정원에서 그것이 자라는 것을 보게 된다. ·······47 최초로 방벽 도시를 만든 막내 이야기 ··························································59 하이에나를 타고 메카로 순례를 떠난 의사 ····················································69 족장과 요리사 이야기 ·················································································75 세 청년 이야기 ··························································································77 세상에서 가장 힘센 사람 ············································································79 가난했지만 위대했던 어느 고아 이야기 ························································87 질투심 많은 남자 이야기 ············································································93 깊은 우정은 어떻게 증명되는가 ···································································96 실력 테스트 ·······························································································98 소금 아가씨와 후추 아가씨 그리고 소스 아가씨 ·············································99 남매가 서로 결혼하지 않는 이유 ·································································105 사냥꾼과 그의 아들 ···················································································109 처녀와 호박 ······························································································115 가우 나무와 소녀와 도마뱀 ·········································································119 요루바 전설 ······························································································127 요루바 왕국 ······························································································129 부족 표시는 어떻게 사용되기 시작했나? ······················································130 사냥꾼 아키티 ···························································································131 막대기의 아들들 ·························································································133 여자가 머리가 긴 이유 ················································································134 천둥과 번개가 칠 때 백성들이 “폐하, 만수무강하시옵소서!”라고 외치는 이유 ···135 올로핀과 쥐 ·······························································································137 이로코 나무 ·······························································································139 오리사 오코 ·······························································································140 모레미 ·······································································································142 박쥐 ··········································································································144 표범 인간 ···································································································145 물새 ···········································································································147 개미와 보물 ································································································148 새들의 목소리 ·····························································································151 세 명의 주술사 ···························································································153 이소쿤과 아기 ·····························································································155 쌍둥이 형제 ································································································157 왜 표범의 몸에는 검은 얼룩이 있을까? ··························································160 표범 얼룩에 얽힌 또 다른 이야기 ··································································161 머리만 있는 사람 ·························································································162 게으름뱅이와 개미 ························································································164 보아뱀 ·········································································································166 올루론비 ······································································································167 오란얀의 유적지 ···························································································169 코끼리의 코 ·································································································171 낚시 그물의 비밀 ··························································································173 열 명의 금세공사 ··························································································175 요리용 항아리 ·······························································································178 앵무새 ··········································································································180 귀신 잡는 사냥꾼 ···························································································182 거북이와 왕 ··································································································184 거북이와 파리 ·······························································································187 코끼리와 하마 ·······························································································189 세 번 죽을뻔한 거북이 ···················································································191 거북이와 수탉 ·······························································································193 거북이와 게 ··································································································194 거북이와 비둘기 ····························································································195 거북이와 채찍 나무 ························································································198 거북이와 비 ···································································································201

하우사 하우사족은 나이지리아 북부 및 니제르 남부에 주로 거주하는 민족이다. 요루바족, 이보족과 함께 나이지리아의 3대 민족 중의 하나이다. 2018년 현재 나이지리아에 5,600만여 명, 니제르에 1,000만 명 정도가 거주하고 있다. 인구의 대부분이 이슬람교를 믿으며, 하우사어, 셈어, 고대 이집트어, 베르베르어, 에티오피아 쿠시어 등을 사용한다. 역사적으로 하우사족은 서부 아프리카가 기원인 풀라니족과 많은 혼혈관계를 맺었다. 그래서 하우사-풀라니(Hausa-Fulani)족으로 불리기도 한다. 16세기 말부터 서부 아프리카 지역에 거주하고 있던 유목민족인 풀라니족이 사하라 사막의 경계 지역인 사헬지역을 따라 동쪽으로 대규모 이주를 하였다. 서아프리카 해안에서 동부아프리카에 이르는 넓은 지역을 이주한 풀라니족은 지역에 따라 많은 분쟁을 야기하기도 했지만, 오늘날 나이지리아 북부지역에서는 주로 거주하고 있던 하우사족과는 비교적 무난한 공동체 생활을 하게 된 것으로 보인다. 시간이 지남에 따라 두 문화가 자연히 융합되는 과정을 겪게 되었고, 그 결과 오늘날 하우사족의 역사를 플라니족의 역사에서부터 보는 시각도 있다. 하우사족은 오래전부터 사하라 사막 북부 및 동부 국가들과 상업적 관계를 유지했다. 또한 이 지역들로부터 종교, 예술 등의 영향을 받았다. 많은 하우사족의 상인들과 장인들이 수단 서부 도시(왕국 혹은 회교 군주국인 카노Kano, 자리아Zaria, 소코토Sokoto)에서 활동하였으며, 그곳에서 상업의 꽃을 피웠다. 하우사족들은 전통적으로 대가족 제도를 유지해왔다. 남자 형제들은 일반적으로 결혼 후에도 아버지의 집에서 살았다. 거주지 단위는 남성 형제, 친척들과 이들의 아내들과 아이들로 구성된다. 이슬람법에 따라 남자들은 최대 4명의 부인을 가질 수 있었으며, 남자들은 부인들에게 각각 별도의 집을 마련해 준다. 경제활동은 주로 공동으로 농사를 지었으며, 19세기 말까지 같은 울타리 안에서 생활하는 노예를 소유했다. 다산 부부가 불임 부부에게 아이들을 주는 입양은 관습적으로 장려되었다. 하우사족들은 15세기경부터 19세기까지 아랍문자를 하우사어에 맞게 개량하여 사용하기 시작했는데, 이 과정에서 이슬람 학자들로부터 많은 영향을 받은 것으로 짐작된다. 그러나 19세기 영국과 프랑스의 식민지 시대를 거친 후에 현재는 라틴 자모를 사용한다. 하우사족의 정치체계는 기본적으로 귀족이 다스리는 봉건체계의 국가였다. 9세기경부터 성곽으로 둘러싸인 도시들이 건립되었으며, 왕국은 벽으로 둘러싸인 성곽을 중심으로 영토 단위로 나뉜다. 성곽 안에 주의 수장이 살고, 시장이 열리며, 이슬람 축제가 열리고, 이슬람 사원이 있다. 각 주의 수장은 소규모 영지의 수장들, 즉 봉신들을 이용해 주변 지역을 다스렸다. 요루바 요루바족은 서아프리카 나이지리아 남서부 기니아 연안과 베냉과 토고의 해안 산림지대에 이르기까지 거주하며 하우사족과 마찬가지로 농경 생활을 위주로 하고 있다. 전체 인구는 약 4,500만~5,000만 명 정도로 추정되며, 그중 대부분이 나이지리아에 거주하고 있다. 요르바족은 흑인계 기니아군에 속하며 비교적 키가 작고 코가 평평하게 넓은 것이 특징이다. 이들은 본래 농경민이면서도 교역에 능했으며 전통적으로 대규모 집락을 이루어 아프리카에서는 특이한 '도시적 부족'이다. 요루바족은 유럽 열강의 식민통치 이전부터 주변 아프리카 부족 중 가장 일찍 도시화를 이루었다. 각 지역마다 도시가 들어섰으며, 인구가 2만이 넘는 도시도 많았다. 최근의 통계에 따르면 인구 2천 명 이상의 집락에 총 인구의 80%가 모여살며 인구 2만 이상의 도시 수는 16개에 달한다. 도시의 중앙에는 왕이 군림했으며 정교한 양식으로 대형 궁전을 건설했다. 백성들은 궁전 주위에 집을 짓고 씨족 단위의 집단을 형성했다. 권력구조를 보면 왕을 정점으로 그 밑에 추장회의가 있고 추장회의는 마을단위의 고유 통치자들로 구성된다. 왕은 여러 가지 의식을 주관하는 역할도 담당하며 신성한 존재로 간주되어 백성들이 복종했다. 요르바족은 이페(Ife), 오요(Oyo), 이제샤(Ijesha), 이제부(Ijebu), 온도(Ondo), 에그바(Egba), 에키티(Ekiti) 등 20여의 하위집단으로 나누어져 있다. 이들 집단은 각각 그 지방의 사투리를 구사하고 지역 문화를 공유하고 있으며, 13세기에서 14세기에 걸쳐 독립 왕국과 이들 왕국의 연합인 왕국군을 이루었다. 왕국 가운데서도 이페는 요르바족이 믿고 있는 세계와 인류의 창조지이자 요루바 왕권의 근원지로서 요루바 전체의 종교적 중심지로 인식되고 있다. 한편 오요는 17세기까지 서쪽의 다호메이 왕국으로부터 북쪽의 '누페' 왕국까지 포섭한 대제국을 건설하여 정치적 중심 역할을 했다. 요루바족의 가족제도는 북부와 중부에서는 부계 집단이며 남부에서는 부계와 모계를 합친 쌍계적 집단을 이룬다. 북부와 중부에서는 수장이 부계 집단 내에서 계승되었으나 남부에서는 왕이 임의의 인물을 선정하여 직위를 주는 계층제 형식을 취하였다. 일반적으로 수장들로 구성되는 평의회는 왕을 보좌하는 한편 그의 권한을 규제하는 주요한 기능을 맡고 있었다. 동북부 지방에서는 집권적 정치조직은 없었지만 최대의 정치조직 단위인 촌락연합이 부계의 분절적 조직과 연령 계층 그룹을 합쳐 정치적 역할을 했다. 역사적으로 요루바족은 15세기 후반부터 19세기 초까지 이웃한 거대민족인 이보족과 함께 노예무역의 대상이 되기도 하였다. 당시에 많은 요루바족이 미국, 카리브해, 남아메리카 등지로 노예로 팔려 온 디아스포라의 결과 현대 아메리카의 예술, 음악, 종교에 커다란 영향을 미치기도 하였다. 요루바족의 신앙은 아프리카의 여러 원시종교 중에서 가장 이론이 정연한 것으로 인정받고 있다. 요루바족의 신령계는 최고신 오로란(Ororan)과 400이 넘는 신령 오리샤(Orisha)들로 되어 있고, 그 외에 무수히 많은 조상의 영혼들이 있다. 오로란은 '하늘'이란 뜻으로 인격화된 만물의 창조주이다. 전지전능이며 모든 신령을 거느리고 있다. 신화에 의하면 최고신은 먼저 오리샤라(Orishara) 신을 창조 하고 진흙과 다섯 개의 손가락을 가진 닭과 비둘기를 한 마리씩 주어 대지를 만들게 했다. 대지는 5일 동안 만들어졌으며, 오리샤라 신은 야자나무를 심어서 식량과 음료를 준비하고 그 후 인간을 창조했다고 한다. 요루바족의 다신교적 우주관은 하늘, 즉 우주를 정점으로 하고 하천, 산, 삼림 등의 자연물과 천둥, 폭풍우 등의 자연현상을 각각 상징하는 신들을 피라미드형으로 배치하여, 장대한 우주의 질서를 구체적으로 나타내고 있다. 사람들은 신을 모시고 기도와 희생물을 바치는데, 그것은 신들의 의지와 능력이 사람들에게 행복을 가져다주기를 원하기 때문이다. 태양, 달, 별의 운행, 우기와 건기의 교체, 천둥과 폭풍우의 내습 등은 모두 그들 신의 의지와 능력에 의한 것이라고 믿는다. 마술, 즉 위치크라프트(witchcraft)의 신앙으로 알려져 있는 전통신앙은 부족사회의 신앙으로서 중요한 의의를 갖는다. 전통 신앙이 부족사회에서 수행하는 역할은, 자연계와 인간 사회의 질서를 설명하고 그 유지에 공헌하는 것이다. 이 전통신앙의 또 다른 중요 숭배 대상은 조상신이다. 죽은 자의 육체는 소멸하여도 조상과 자손과의 인연은 영원히 끊어지지 않는다. 조상의 영혼은 '나의 아버지', '나의 어머니'라고 생전과 같이 불리며, 항상 자손의 곁에서 재해로부터 지켜주는 것으로 믿어지고 있다.